盗窃罪中“数额较大”的认定规则

The Rule of Determining "Relatively Large Amount" in Crime of Theft

“数额较大”的认定是盗窃罪定罪量刑中的关键问题之一。司法解释采用了数额属性多元化的认定方法,既缺乏理论基础,也难以有效指导实务。司法裁判虽倾向于重视处罚的实质合理性,但并未形成统一的认定规则。通过梳理不同立法例下“损失”要素的定位,可以形成“占有转移”与“财产损失”两种视角下“数额较大”认定的理论方案。基于整体财产保护理念的以客观实质损失作为认定基准的方案,存在忽视我国刑法不同条款对“数额性后果”表述上的差异、对司法实践的认识以偏概全、不能妥适处理轻微实施盗窃的出罪等问题。相对而言,立足个别财产保护思想、以占有转移数额为基础,同时考虑主观指向数额的方案凸显了主观要件对不法和责任的制约,能周延地应对各种案型,值得肯定。该方案的具体规则是:先确定基础性数额即占有转移的财物价值“较大”,以此作为数额上限,再考察故意、排除意思、利用意思等主观要件指向的数额,各数额均需达到“较大”,最终的“数额较大”,是经此多种数额共同认定的结果。

The determination of"relatively large amount"is one of key issues in the conviction and sentencing of the crime of theft.The judicial interpretation adopts a determination method with diversified attributes of the amount,which lacks theoretical basis and has difficulties in effectively guiding the practice.Although judicial judgment tends to attach importance to the substantive rationality of punishment,a unified determination rule has not established.A theoretical plan on determining"relatively large amount"from two perspectives of"occupation transfer"and"property loss"by analyzing the function of the element"loss"under different legislative models.The scheme,which is based on the concept of holistic property protection and takes the objective and actual loss as the determination standard,has defects such as failure to notice the difference in the expression of"consequences relating to the amount"in different provisions of Chinese laws,sampling bias in the understanding of judicial practice,failure to properly deal with the issue of decriminalization in petty cases.Comparatively,the scheme,which is based on the thought of individual property protection and considers the amount in subjective intention on basis of the amount in the transferred occupation,highlights the limitation on illegality and culpability by the subjective elements,could properly cope with various types of cases,thus it should be adopted.The specific determination rule is as follows:firstly,to determine the fundamental amount,i.e.the value of the property with occupation transferred,is"relatively large",which should be regarded as the upper limit;secondly,to review the amounts involved in subjective elements such as intent,the intention to exclude one's occupation and the intention to use the property and make sure each amount is"relatively large".The final"relatively large amount"is a result after the aforesaid amounts are determined.