山海关事件始末与英美之应对——以英美外交文件为中心

The Shanhaikwan Affair and the Reactions of Britain and the United States:Centered on the Diplomatic Documents of Britain and the United States

侵占东三省后,日军为吞并热河,先后三次与山海关的中国军队发生冲突,最终于1933年1月3日占领了山海关县城。得知此消息后,在华北拥有较大利益的英国积极主导调停。但在调停方案上,英国内部有极大分歧:英国驻华代办应歌兰希望仿照调停一二八事变的方式处理山海关事件,却遭到了英国政府的反对和美国政府的推诿;秦皇岛的英国海军向中日双方提出调停意愿,而国民政府一直怀有疑虑。最终,英国的两套调停方案均未实现。占领山海关后,日本政府还企图利用《交还天津来往照会》,迫使北平至山海关铁路沿线中国军队撤退2英里。国民政府随即向《辛丑条约》签字国指控日本非法利用条约。英国向美国建议,联合《辛丑条约》各签字国一起向日本发表口头抗议,遭到美国拒绝。

After occupying the three eastern provinces,the Japanese army clashed with the Chinese troops stationed at Shanhaikwan three times and finally occupied Shanhaikwan on January 3,1933.After learning the news,British whose interests along the railway line and at Tientsin were preponderant hoped to localize the affair.However,there were disagreements within British on the mediation plan.The British Charge E.M.B.Ingram considered to bring both parties together as at Shanghai.This plan was immediately opposed by the British Government and the United States Government.The Commander of British Navy at Chinwangtao offered his good offices to both the Chinese and Japanese armed forces,while the National Government had always doubted the motives of the Britain.Ultimately,neither of the two mediation schemes had been achieved.After occupying the Shanhaikwan,Japanese attempted to demand the Chinese army along the railway to withdraw 2 miles by the Conditions for Dissolution of the Provisional Government at Tientsin of 1902.The National Government immediately accused the Japanese Government of abusing its privileges under the Boxer Protocol of 1901.British Government suggested the United States to make joint oral representations to the Japanese Government on the subject of their alleged abuses at Shanhaikwan of the special privileges accorded them under the Boxer Protocol of 1901.This suggestion was rejected by the United States.