马克思的哲学在何种意义上是一种先验政治美学?——兼与张盾先生商榷

In What Sense is Marx’s Philosophy a Transcendental Political Aesthetics?——Discussion with Professor Zhang Dun

先验政治美学是对政治和美学的先验存在论理解,它掏空了政治和美学的认识论内涵和经验内容,对它们做了先验抽象化和形式化的处理,进而使它们的科学概念哲学化。在此基础上进行反思性的理论建构,重构出一种关于最美存在、最美城邦和最美人性的存在论知识。这种知识本质上是作为纯粹理论的思辨形而上学。先验政治美学的方法论是形而上学的、二元论的,哲学立场是客观唯心主义的。马克思在其哲学发展过程中,有过人本主义和形而上学的时期,在这个时期内可以挖掘出一种先验政治美学。但是,在马克思建立了自己的实践的唯物主义方法论和历史唯物主义世界观之后,马克思就超出了这种理解。此后,马克思的哲学表现为批判的革命理论,是唯物主义和辩证法的结合。在哲学立场上,马克思的哲学是实践的、唯物主义的;在方法论上,是历史的、辩证的。对马克思哲学做先验政治美学的理解,无论是在方法论还是世界观上都是不得要领的,这只有通过唯心主义的颠倒和形而上学的思辨才能做到。

Transcendental political aesthetics is a transcendental ontological understanding of politics and aesthetics.It hollowed out the epistemological connotation and experiential content of politics and aesthetics,made them transcendental abstraction and formalization,and then philosophized their scientific concepts.On this basis,it implemented a reflective theoretical construction and reconstructed an ontological knowledge about the most beautiful existence,the most beautiful city-state and the most beautiful human nature.Essentially,this knowledge is speculative metaphysics as a pure theory.The methodology of transcendental political aesthetics is metaphysical and dualistic,and its philosophical standpoint is objective idealism.Marx had a period of humanism and metaphysics in the development of his philosophy,during which a transcendental political aesthetics could be excavated.However,after Marx established his own practical materialist methodology and historical materialist world outlook,he went beyond this understanding.Since then,Marx’s philosophy has manifested itself as a critical revolutionary theory,which is a combination of materialism and dialectics.From a philosophical standpoint,Marx’s philosophy is practical and materialistic,while in methodology,it is historical and dialectical.Whether in methodology or world outlook,it is not essential to understand Marxist philosophy as a transcendental political aesthetics,which can only be achieved through the inversion of idealism and metaphysical speculation.