河北地下水超采情势及种植结构调整对策的经济分析

The Situation of Over-Exploitation Aquifer in Hebei Province and Economic Analysis on the Cropping System Adjustment Countermeasure

针对河北省地下水超采漏斗问题,对当前地下水超采的情势、成因、对策等进行了分析。河北省常年地下水超采量40~60亿m3,近年随降雨量减少,超采呈增加趋势。地下水超采主要原因之一是高耗水作物种植与水资量不匹配造成,因此与水资源量相匹配的种植结构调整是治理超采的有效措施之一。但推行限水种植制度会不同程度造成粮食产量和农民收益降低,因此需要生态补偿和产生治理成本。分析结果表明,目前推行的两种节水种植模式中,一季休耕一季雨养模式直接治理成本为3.03元/m3,间接成本4.57元/m3,综合成本8.21元/m3,每a节约灌溉水2475 m3/hm2,同时造成周年粮食减产45.5%;完全雨养旱作模式直接治理成本为3.64元/m3,间接成本5.56元/m3,综合成本9.2元/m3,每a可节约灌溉水3300m3/hm2同时造成周年粮食减产61.2%。两种治理模式比较,一季休闲一季雨养模式治理成本相对较低,并且粮食减产少。

Focusing on the over-exploitation aquifer in Hebei province,its present situation,causes and countermeasures were discussed.The annual over-draw amount of groundwater resource was around 40×108 m3-60×108 m3,and with the precipitation growing less in recent years,the over-exploitation tended to be more serious.The main cause of the over-exploitation was due to mismatch between the crop-growing that need too much irrigation and limited water resources.Thus shift the cropping system from high irrigation-relying to less irrigation-relying was one of the efficient countermeasures.But the adaptation of the less-irrigation cropping system would limit the water use and lead to yield and income decrease for farmers,so subsidy had to be paid and cost occurred for over-exploitation mitigation.According to the analytic result,for the adopted two main models,the winter wheat growing season fallow and summer corn season growing model had a direct cost 3.03 RMB/m3,indirect cost 4.57 RMB/m3,and total cost 8.21 RMB/m3,and saving irrigation water for 2475 m3/hm2 each year,with yield reduction for 45.5%;the total rain-fed crop growing model had a direct cost 3.64 RMB/m3,indirect cost 5.56 RMB/m3,and total cost 9.2 RMB/m3,and saving irrigation water for 3300 m3/hm2 each year,with yield reduction for 61.2%.Making a comparison of the two models,the first one had comparatively lower cost and less yield loss,it was better than the later one.