环境权的私法之维:理论证成与制度构建

The Dimension of Private Law of Environmental Rights:Theoretical Justification and Institutional Construction

环境权兼具基本权利与民事权利的双重属性。在法权构造上,环境权的主体仅限于自然人,环境权的客体系指良好状态的环境,在权能方面环境权不具有支配权能。在体系安排上,为了最大限度地确保民法典的体系性和科学性,在《民法总则》并入民法典之时,环境权条款宜增设于民法典总则编民事权利一章。在制度供给上,应构建生态环境损害赔偿制度,并明确自然人环境权受到侵害时得以自身对生态环境所享有的生态价值受到损害为由提起生态环境损害赔偿民事诉讼。如是,不仅能够避免环境权沦为缺乏裁判功能的"骨骼",而且可以激励人们参与环境保护,形成生态环境多元共治模式,从而满足人民日益增长的优美生态环境需要。

Environmental rights have the dual attributes of basic rights and civil rights. In the construction of legal rights,the subject of environmental rights is limited to the natural person,the object of the environmental rights refers to the environment in a good state,and environmental rights are not provided with any dominant power. In the institutional arrangement,in order to infinitely ensure the systemicity and scientificity of the Civil Code,it would be proper to add the clauses of environmental rights to the Chapter of Civil Rights in the General Part of the Civil Code,when the General Provisions of Civil Law are incorporated into the Civil Code. In terms of system supply,it shall establish a system of compensation for ecological environment damage,and clarify that a natural person whose environmental right is infringed is authorized to bring a civil action for compensation of ecological environment damage on the ground that his/her ecological value to the ecological environment has been damaged. Thus,it can not only prevent environmental rights from being the "skeleton"lacking of the function of judgment,but also encourage people to participate in environmental protection and then form the multi-co-governance mode of the ecological environment,so as to meet people’s growing demands of the pleasant ecological environment.