不完全履行的困境与重构

Difficulties and Reconstruction of Incomplete Performance

对于我国《合同法》第107条、第112条、第113条“履行合同义务不符合约定”的表述通说认为,其系不完全履行的明文规定,但解释论上不完全履行说难以符合条文文义且与司法实践中的理解有较大冲突。立法论上不完全履行说已逐渐为域外立法所抛弃,与现代合同法的发展趋势相悖。通过对理论学说继受的梳理,结合实务之中的理解与比较法上的反思,我国合同法上“履行合同义务不符合约定”应理解为“违反当事人订立合同的合意”,包含明示与默示的合意。在具体适用中以履行行为是否符合合同约定作为可归责的判断依据,以实现合同双方当事人之间的利益平衡。

As for the understanding of the statement“the performance of contractual obligations does not conform to the agreement”in Articles 107,112 and 113 of the Contract Law,it is generally believed that this is an explicit provision of incomplete performance.On the theory of interpretation,the theory of incomplete performance is difficult to conform to the text of the articles and is in conflict with the understanding in judicial practice.From the legislative respective,it has gradually been abandoned by extraterritorial legislation,which is contrary to the development trend of modern contract law.By sorting out the succession of the theory,combined with the understanding in practice and the reflection in comparative law,the“non-conformity of performance of contractual obligations”in China’s contract law should be understood as a violation of the“agreement”of the parties to conclude the contract,including the expression and implied consent.In the specific application,whether the performance is in accordance with the contract agreement should work as the basis for judging whether it is accountable,in order to balance the interests of both parties to the contract.