马克思视域中的城乡不平衡发展及其超越——以《资本论》为中心的再考察

Uneven Urban-Rural Development and Its Transcendence:With a Focus on Das Kapital and Its Manuscripts

城乡关系是马克思政治经济学批判及其当代化的重要议题。在《资本论》中,马克思告别早期泛分工论视域下的城乡对立观,从产业分工、劳动力空间流动、社会关系与社会基础服务体系的不平衡发展问题等视域,迈向了一种以生产方式同质化运动为基础的城乡不平衡发展观。马克思恩格斯坚持了主客体辩证统一的视角,立足于资本主义生产方式的历史起源与矛盾运动机制的历史科学分析,从大工业发展与城乡"对立"现象的内在关系、工农业实现更高阶段的融合以及土地国有化的历史必然性等角度,科学论证了人类社会告别城乡不平衡发展状态迈向城乡有机融合发展的历史必然性。

InDas Kapital, by grounding his viewpoints on the division of labor for industries, the spatial mobility labor and the unbalanced development between social relationships and the social fundamental service system, Marx moved from the view of urban-rural standoff based on generalized division theory to the view of uneven urban-rural development based on the homogenization movement of the mode of production. Marx and Engels adhered to the perspective of the dialectical unity of subject and object and conducted historical scientific analysis of the origin and contradiction movement mechanism of the capitalist mode of production. Their analysis was conducted in terms of the intrinsic relationship between the development of large industry and the urban-rural "standoff", the integration of industry and agriculture at a higher stage, and the historical inevitability of land nationalization. They scientifically demonstrated the historical inevitability for human society to bid farewell to uneven urban-rural development and march towards organic urban-rural integration.