中国农村金融发展70年：演变逻辑与现实选择

70 Years of Rural Finance Development in China:Evolution Logic and Realistic Choice

农村金融是伴随全面深化改革和促进农村经济持续协调发展的重要活动。新中国成立70年以来,中国农村金融在不断探索中向前发展,先后经历了计划金融、重新建立与调整、创新深化等三个阶段。改革开放前,农村没有形成真正的金融制度;改革开放后,农村金融发展经历了先服务“先富”再服务“后富”、由计划到政府逐渐还权于市场的过程。实践证明,这种“自上而下”和“自下而上”相结合的渐进式改革符合先城镇再农村的“二元金融”发展逻辑。面对使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用的全面深化改革根本遵循,新时代中国农村金融的改革创新要求必须在处理好政府和市场关系的前提下,不断实践普惠金融和丰富农村金融市场层次和产品,从而使农村金融更好助力乡村振兴和赋能农村实体经济发展。

Rural finance is an important activity accompanying rural reform and development and it can promote the sustainable and coordinated development of rural economy.Since the 70 years the founding of the People's Republic of China,the rural finance in China has been developing in the course of continuous exploration.It has gone through three stages:planning finance,re-establishment and adjustment and deepening innovation.Before the reform and opening up,there was no real financial system in rural areas;while after China implementing the reform and opening up,rural financial development experienced the process of first serving"rich first"and then"rich later",from planning to the government's return of power to the market.Practice has proved that such combination of"top-down"and"bottom-up"progressive reform conforms to the development logic of"binary finance"with the feature of putting the urban areas as the priority and then developing the rural ones.Confronting the fundamental accordance that makes the market play a decisive role in the allocation of resources and better plays the role of the government,the reform and innovation of rural finance in the new era must be based on the premise that the relationship between the government and the market being handled properly.Under such condition,we should continue to practice inclusive finance and enrich the layers and the products of financial markets.Therefore,rural finance can better prosper rural revitalization and energize the development of the real economy in the rural areas.