谁出资，谁拥有？美国研究型大学科研专利归属之争

Who funded, who owns it? The Controversy over Patent Ownership of Federally Funded Research in American Research Universities

专利政策创新是塑造美国大学科研创新的重要环节,然而"创新"之路并非一蹴而就,美国大学科研政策创新历经70余年。一战、二战期间,随着美国大学科研角色的凸显,大学的科研规模不断递增,专利争议随之兴起;二战后至20世纪70年代,大学科研成果的归属问题引发极大分歧,对于联邦固有专利政策的褒贬之音不绝;20世纪80年代以来,为了应对经济竞争,改革达成共识,联邦政府解禁专利限制,排除异议出台《拜杜法案》,掀起了大学科研与学术专利化的高潮。

As an important part of shaping scientific research innovation in American universities, American patent policy innovation has developed for 70 years. As the scientific research strength of American universities gradually became prominent during World War I and World War II, the scale of university scientific research expanded and patent disputes arose. From the postwar period to the 1970 s, great discussions were raised about federal patent research policies and the ownership of university research results. In response to economic competition, the federal government has reached consensus on patent policies since the 1980 s. With the promulgation of the Bayh-Dole Act and the release of patent property, the high tide of technology transfer occurs in American universities.