奶牛瘤胃微生物研究进展和趋势

Research Progress and Trends on Rumen Microbiota in Dairy Cows

近年来在奶牛试验中,对瘤胃微生物的研究引起了人们越来越多的兴趣。这些研究的目的多是将微生物组成变化与日粮组成、宿主生产性能(如饲料效率,产奶量,乳脂等)、健康(如瘤胃酸中毒和亚急性酸中毒)以及环境(如甲烷排放)联系起来,另外还有一些研究则强调了微生物在多种反刍动物瘤胃发育中的作用。关于奶牛瘤胃微生物的大部分发现都是基于扩增子测序,可以揭示瘤胃微生物的分类组成,以及在不同处理条件下瘤胃菌群的变化。尽管新兴的宏基因组学和宏转录组学能够深入探索瘤胃微生物的功能,但在数据分析和解释方面也带来了更多的挑战,如目前大多数论文都严重依赖于相关性和推测分析。综述了奶牛瘤胃微生物研究的进展和局限,包括瘤胃微生物与产奶效率、甲烷排放以及瘤胃发育的关系,以及奶牛瘤胃微生物未来的研究趋势。

There is an increasing interest in studying rumen microbiota in dairy cow nutritional trials in recent years,aiming to link its compositional changes to the feed composition,performance traits(i.e. feed efficiency,milk yield,milk fat,etc.),health related traits(i.e. ruminal acidosis and subacute acidosis)as well as environmental traits(i.e. methane emission). Additional researches have highlighted the role of microbiota in rumen development in multiple ruminant species. The majority of the findings on the rumen microbiota are based on the sequencing of the marker gene amplicon,which gives the picture of the taxonomic microbial composition and how it shifts under different treatments. Although the emerging metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses enabled in-depth exploring of the rumen microbial functions,it also generated more challenges in data analysis and interpretation. Up to date,most of the papers heavily rely on correlation and speculation analysis without clearly clarifying the mechanisms behind. In this paper,we reviewed the progress and limitation of dairy cow rumen microbiota,including the relationship between rumen microbiota and milk production efficiency,methane emission and rumen development,and we also discussed the research trends of rumen microbiota in dairy cows.