植物种子萌发期耐盐碱性提高技术研究进展

Research Advances in Salt and Alkali Tolerance Improvement Technology at the Seed Germination Stage

种子萌发是种胚从生命活动相对静止恢复到生理活跃状态的生长发育过程,最易受到外部环境影响,其中盐碱胁迫是最严重的生态限制因素之一。中国盐碱地面积大、分布广,总面积约1亿hm^2,占全国土地面积的10%,盐碱逆境下种子萌发受阻已成为我国盐碱地植物天然更新和农林业生产的首要障碍因子。目前,已知植物种子萌发期耐盐碱性提高技术主要有物理方法、化学调控、生物途径和育种技术4个方面,其中物理方法包括种子引发、低温、超声波、微波、电场等物理因素处理;化学调控包括无机、有机外源物质调控;生物途径包括植物促生细菌和真菌共生;育种技术包括耐盐性鉴定筛选和转基因技术。综述了植物种子萌发期耐盐碱性提高技术研究进展,简述了这些技术的特点及不足,并提出了进一步开展工作的建议,旨在为解决我国盐碱地植物种子萌发受阻难题、实现盐碱地低成本规模化的生物修复和盐碱地区农林业生产提供参考。

Seed germination is the process of embryogrowth and development from relative static to physiologically active state,which is the most susceptible to the external environment,among which saline-alkali stress is one of the most serious ecological constraints. The saline and alkali land is widely distributed all over China,which is about 1×10^8 ha and accounting for 10% of the total land area of China. Inhibition of seed germination under saline-alkali stress has become the primary obstacle to plant natural regeneration and agroforestry production in the saline and alkali land in China. At present,the known techniques to improve salt and alkali tolerance of plant at germination stage mainly include physical methods,chemical regulations,biological approaches and breeding techniques. Physical methods include seed priming and seed treating with low temperature,ultrasound,microwave,electric field and so on. Chemical regulation refers to regulation of inorganic and organic exogenous substances. Biological approaches include symbiosis of plant-promoting bacteria and fungi. Breeding techniques include salt tolerance identification,screening and genetically modified techniques. This paper systematically reviewed the research progress of methods and techniques for improving salt and alkali tolerance of plant seeds during germination period,then briefly described the characteristics and shortcomings of these technologies,and finally proposed the suggestions for further work. It is aimed to provide reference for solving the problem of seed germination hindrance in the saline-alkali land,achieving low-cost and large-scale bioremediation of the saline-alkali land and agroforestry production in saline-alkali area.