乾隆朝俄属乌梁海越界问题研究——以观念史视角为中心

Russian Wulianghai Cross-border Issues during Qianlong Period:Perspective of the Conceptual History

乾隆朝汗卡屯地区俄属乌梁海人越界问题,实乃俄罗斯利用跨界民族乌梁海对清朝领土进行渗透,这一问题的产生与乾隆朝在中俄西北边界的巡边制度实行中之漏洞相关。面临俄国的扩张压力,守土有责的清朝地方官员曾萌生了具有一丝近代色彩的边界意识,乾隆皇帝却为维护中俄关系大局而回归清朝固有的传统边界观念加以应对,由此标志着中俄西北边界政策由积极进取转向消极保守,也为晚清俄国割占科布多大部分地区埋下了隐患。此外,相关满文档案与舆图还表明,乾隆帝对西北科布多辖区中俄"原本定界"有明确认识和在俄方挤压下俄属乌梁海对清朝产生了政治认同,皆有助于从一个侧面澄清国际学界对清朝"扩张性"的争议。

The problem of Russian Wulianghai people crossing the border in the Hankatun area of the Qianlong Dynasty was that Russia used the cross-border ethnic people Wulianghai to infiltrate into the territory of the Qing Dynasty,which is related to the loopholes in the implementation of the important border patrol system in the northwest border of China and Russia in the Qianlong Dynasty. Faced with the pressure of Russia’s expansion,local officials of the Qing Dynasty,once developed a sense of boundary with a trace of modern color. Emperor Qian Long,however,returned to the inherent traditional boundary concept of the Qing Dynasty in order to maintain the overall situation of Sino-Russian relations to cope with it. This indicates that the policy of northwest boundary between China and Russia has changed from being positive and enterprising to being negative and conservative. In addition,the relevant Manchu files and maps also showed that Emperor Qianlong’s clear understanding of the"original demarcation"between China and Russia.