清代北京会馆园林述略

A Study of Gardens Affiliated to Huiguan(Guild Halls) in Beijing in Qing Dynasty

清代北京外城地区修建了大量的会馆,作为各地同乡或商业行会的聚会、住宿、祭祀场所,其中部分会馆设有专门的园林,园内营造用于宴饮的厅堂,布置亭轩楼台等建筑,并堆叠假山、开辟池沼、种植花木,形成一种独立的园林类型。通过文献考证和现场调查,对清代北京会馆园林的主要实例进行记述,并对其造园意匠做进一步的分析。总体而言,这些园林的格局较为方整,建筑形式以厅堂、亭、轩为主,假山多以青石叠置,水景简单,植物多为易于维护的品种,匾额、楹联富有文化寓意并反映其故乡特色。

As the sites for gatherings,accommodation and sacrifices,numerous Huiguan(guild halls)were built in the outer city of Beijing in Qing Dynasty.Some Huiguan included gardens with buildings,rockeries,water landscapes and plants.Based on textual researches and site surveys,the paper gives an account of major gardens affiliated to Huiguan,and make further exploration to their design ideas.In general,the main features of these gardens include regular layouts,varied buildings such as halls and pavilions,rockeries of blue stones,simple waterscapes and plants easy to maintain.Besides,the plaques and couplets in gardens are full of cultural implications,reflecting the characteristics of their hometowns.