我国煤矿瓦斯爆炸抑爆减灾技术的研究进展及发展趋势

Progress and development of coal mine gas explosion suppression and disaster reduction technology in China

瓦斯爆炸严重威胁着矿井安全开采,瓦斯爆炸防治一直是煤矿安全工作的重点之一。我国相关研究机构、学者在瓦斯爆炸防治领域开展了较广泛的研究,开发了一系列的瓦斯爆炸抑爆减灾技术及装备。从文献研究的角度出发,从基础研究、材料开发、装备研制3个方面对我国瓦斯抑爆减灾技术及装备的研究现状进行了综述与讨论。瓦斯爆炸及抑爆方面,国内学者主要基于实验手段,采用宏观的参数(如最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率等)表征瓦斯爆炸在障碍物激励或者抑爆剂抑制作用下的最终结果,缺乏对瓦斯爆炸过程中详细的爆炸或抑制过程的理论认识。瓦斯爆炸火焰传播过程中爆炸火焰-湍流-压力波的多场耦合作用下的火焰传播理论仍需完善,抑爆过程中抑爆介质对瓦斯爆炸反应的详细作用机制仍需明确。抑爆装置研制方面,近年发生的重(特)大瓦斯爆炸事故表明现有的瓦斯抑爆、控爆装备较难在矿井发生瓦斯爆炸时对瓦斯爆炸火焰实现精准探测、快速响应和高效抑爆,致使瓦斯爆炸抑爆装备在防控瓦斯爆炸过程中作用较为有限。对于瓦斯爆炸抑爆、控爆装置的配置方式及如何高效的实现抑爆、控爆功能仍需要进一步研究。减灾装备研制方面,国内学者主要考虑改变风井防爆门的结构以实现快速开启、复位功能。在这些设计中缺乏对风井防爆门在瞬时(ms)冲击作用下的破坏动态力学特征与动作响应特征的考虑。在未来,瓦斯爆炸抑爆减灾技术体系的研究以瓦斯爆炸机理及火焰传播特性理论为基础,打破以实验为主的研究手段,发展数值模拟理论模型,深入基础理论的研究;以瓦斯抑爆介质及其抑爆机理为核心,探寻具有物理和化学抑爆耦合作用机制的高效复合抑爆材料;以瓦斯抑爆装备和减灾技术为保障,发展兼顾快速、高精确度、高稳定性的瓦斯爆炸火焰探测技术,优化各抑爆、控爆设备的配置方式,研制具有抗冲击、多次泄压、快速复位、锁扣密封及自动控制功能的主-备一体化智能风井防爆门。

Gas explosion seriously threatens the safety of coal mining.The prevention of gas explosion has always been one of the key points in the safety work of coal mine.Chinese relevant research institutions and scholars have carried out extensive studies in preventing and controlling gas explosion,and developed a series of gas explosion suppression and mitigation techniques and equipment.Based on the perspective of literature research,this paper reviewed the research status of China’s gas explosion suppression and disaster reduction technologies from fundamental research of gas explosion,material development,equipment research and development.For gas ex-plosion and suppression,the parameters,such as maximum explosion pressure and maximum pressure rise rate,are mainly attained through employing experimental method,which are used to characterize the results of gas explosion that is motivated by obstacles or suppressed by the inhibitor.However,the detailed information about explosion and suppression process has not been fully understood.With the coupling effect of explosion flame,turbulence and pressure wave,the gas explosion flame propagation model still needs to be improved.The detained action mechanism of explosion suppression medium on gas explosion reaction during the gas explosion suppression process still needs to be clarified.For gas explosion suppression equipment,the(extremely)large gas explosion accidents in recent years indicate that the existing gas explosion suppression and control equipment are more difficult to accurately detect,quickly respond and effectively suppress the gas explosion flame,resulting in the techniques and equipments playing a limited role to prevent and control the gas explosion.Both the arrangement of gas explosion suppression and control equipment and the improvement of gas explosion suppression and control equipment’s efficiency still need to be further researched.For disaster reduction equipment,the scholars mainly consider to change the structure of blast proof-door to realize quick opening and resetting.In these designs,there is a lack of consideration of failure dynamic mechanical characteristics and action response characteristics of blast shaft doors under instantaneous(millisecond)impact.In the future,the developing gas suppression and mitigation techniques and equipment systems should be based on the theory of gas explosion mechanism and flame propagation characteristics.The future study should break the research methods based on experiments,develop theoretical models of numerical simulation and study on basic theories.The future study should take gas explosion suppression media and explosion suppression mechanisms as the core to explore efficient composite explosion suppression materials with coupling mechanisms of physical and chemical suppression.With gas explosion suppression equipment and disaster mitigation technology as the guarantee,the future study should develop gas explosion flame detection technology that takes fast speed,high accuracy and stability into account,optimizes the configuration of each explosion suppression and explosion control equipment to research integrated intelligent air shaft explosion-proof door with anti-shock,multiple pressure relief,quick reset,lock seal and automatic control functions.