论个体能力及其实现条件——《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中的能力思想初探

Analysis of Individual Ability and Its Fulfillment: the Thought of Ability in Economic and Philosophic Manuscript of 1844

马克思在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中,将人的能力看作本质力量的表征,并从个体能力的实现角度考察资本主义经济关系。马克思认为,人只有通过自由的有意识的活动,才能实现自身能力,确证本质力量。但是在资本主义私有制条件下,人的劳动能力和需要能力发生了全面异化。一方面,劳动异化造成主体压抑,引致自由自觉劳动能力的丧失和全面发挥个体潜能条件的匮乏;另一方面,资本主义仅仅以物为中介的社会关系带来需要的异化,并由此产生货币崇拜,即货币成为人外化的能力。马克思的共产主义从扬弃私有财产出发,旨在扬弃人的自我异化,实现人对主体能力的重新占有和个体才能的全面发展。

Marx takes the ability of man as a representation of its essential power and examines the capitalist economic relations from the perspective of human ability realization in his Economic and Philosophic Manu⁃script of 1844.He holds that only through free and conscious activities can man realize his own ability and confirm the essential power.However,human labor and needs have been totally estranged in capitalist pri⁃vate ownership.On one hand,the estrangement of labor has caused the depression of man,which leads to the loss of free and conscious labor and a poor condition for human to live up to their potential.On the oth⁃er hand,the sole medium of material in capitalist social relations has alienated human needs and thus brings up money worship,which means the extent of money has become the extent of man’s power.The Communism of Marx therefor abandons self-alienation by the abandonment of private property,and realizes people to be and by themselves regaining a comprehensive development of human potential.