保守主义思想回归与特朗普政府的网络安全战略调整

The Return of Conservatism and the Transition of Trump Administration's Cybersecurity Strategy

特朗普执政后,保守主义思想的回归引领了美国网络安全战略的转向。“美国优先”和传统共和党保守主义两种思想自上而下的调整与“黑客干预大选”事件自下而上的驱动共同推动形成了保守主义网络安全战略。联邦政府各部门并以此为指导制定了“全政府”的网络安全政策。主要表现为网络军事力量发展更加激进,并且试图突破“主权”限制,通过“持续交手”“前置防御”将行动空间拓展到他国主权范围;网络外交地位明显弱化,美国与主要大国之间网络外交陷入低谷,并消极对待网络空间国际治理进程;国土安全防御一改过去“虚大于实”的状况,定位得到了明显提升;信息与通信技术政策成为网络安全战略的新领域,引发了大国之间围绕供应链安全的激烈博弈。保守主义网络安全战略调整能否获得预期的战略收益还很难说,但一系列负面效应已经开始显现,单边主义让美国陷入了双重网络安全困境,进攻性网络行动增加了大国冲突风险。对外交和网络空间国际治理地位的弱化则加剧了国际秩序失范。作者旨在从特朗普政府保守主义网络安全战略调整入手,通过分析其背后的保守主义战略思想源流,并结合网络军事、外交、国土安全、信息与通信技术政策等领域的实际政策调整进行论证,对特朗普政府网络安全战略调整的影响进行评估。

When Donald Trump became the president,the return of conservatism led the transition of the US cybersecurity strategy,and guided the formation of“whole of government”cybersecurity policies.The conservative cybersecurity strategy has evolved based on two major dynamics:one is top⁃down adjustment of the“America First”and traditional republican conservatism,and another one is bottom up of the“election meddling”event.The characteristics of the conservative cyber strategy includes:asser⁃tive cyber force doctrine like persistent engagement and defense forward,which try to break the constrain of the sovereignty,and expand their cyber operations into other states;dysfunctional cyber diplomacy,which includes the suspension of the US cyber dialogues with other major powers and a negative attitude toward cyberspace global governance;enhancing the DHS􀆳s role in cybersecurity protections;embracing the ICT policy in the cybersecurity strategy and the big power competitions in assuring the sup⁃ply chains.While it is still too early to judge whether the conservative cybersecurity strategy can achieve the expected benefits,it has already brought about negative effects on the US and global cybersecurity.The unilateralism drags the US into double cyber⁃security dilemma:offensive cyber operations increases big power conflicts,while dimin⁃ishing efforts toward cyber diplomacy and global governance make the cyberspace even more disorderly.