有机物料还田和减施氮肥对小麦氮素利用及经济效益的影响

Effects of organic materials returning and nitrogen fertilizer reduction on nitrogen utilization and economic benefits of wheat

为探讨长期有机物料还田和减施氮肥对小麦氮素利用效率及麦田经济效益的影响,本试验以常规单施氮肥处理为对照(CK),设置了秸秆还田(J)、秸秆还田+牛粪(JF)、秸秆还田+菌渣(JZ)3种有机物料还田措施,耦合减施氮肥10%(N1)、20%(N2)、30%(N3)3个施氮水平共10个处理。试验结果表明:有机物料还田处理可以使小麦增产1.90%~69.64%,各有机物料还田下小麦产量表现为JZ>JF>J>CK。JZ条件下N1水平的小麦产量最高,为10478.04 kg·hm-2;JF条件下N3水平的小麦产量最高,为8113.05 kg·hm-2;J条件下N2水平的小麦产量最高,为8138.14 kg·hm-2,分别较CK增加了69.64%、31.35%、31.76%。各有机物料还田下小麦的经济效益与去除环境成本后的净经济效益均表现为JZ>J>JF>CK,经济效益最高的JZNI、JN2、JFN3处理分别较CK增加了123.49%、59.35%、37.72%,净经济效益分别较CK增加了186.41%、96.35%、71.94%。综上所述,有机物料还田下减施氮肥可以显著增加小麦的氮素利用效率,提升小麦的产量,从而增加麦田的经济效益与净经济效益。

To study the effects of organic material returning and nitrogen(N)fertilizer reduction on wheat N use efficiency and economic benefits,10 field experiments were designed in this research.Conventional single N fertilizer was used as control(CK),and three kinds of organic materials(straw,cattle manure,mushroom residue)were chosen to add in field with various N application levels(90%,80%,70%pure N of CK).The results indicated that the treatment of organic material returning increased grain yield by 1.90%~69.64%over CK.The yields of wheat under treatments ranked as JZ>JF>J>CK.Under JZ treatment,the highest yield of wheat was at N1 level,which was 10478.04 kg·hm-2.Under JF treatment,the wheat yield at N3 level was 8113.05 kg·hm-2.Under J treatment,the highest wheat yield was at N2 level,which was 8138.14 kg·hm-2,which increased by 69.64%,31.35%and 31.76%,respectively,compared with that of CK.The economic benefits of wheat under each treatment and the net economic return after removing environmental costs ranked as JZ>J>JF>CK,and the highest were JZN1,JN2 and JFN3,respectively.Compared with CK,the economic benefits of JZN1,JN2 and JFN3 increased by 123.49%,59.35%and 37.72%,respectively.Meanwhile,the net economic benefits increased by 186.41%,96.35%and 71.94%,respectively,compared with that of CK.In summary,reducing nitrogen fertilizer application under the condition of returning organic materials to field significantly increased N use efficiency of wheat,which also increased wheat yield.Thereby,the economic benefits of wheat fields and net economic benefits after removing environmental costs would be increased.