新罗自然灾害及其应对研究

Study on Natural Disasters and Disaster Relief Measures in Silla

新罗历史上共发生自然灾害346次,以旱、地震、饥荒、蝗等四灾为主,并且呈现明显的季节性、区域广泛性与差异性等特征。灾害致使新罗农业生产损失严重,大量人口流失与死亡,发生多次大规模的饥民起义,佛教发展受阻。为此,新罗统治者制定了多样化的应灾措施,大体包括赈济、安辑、劝勉农桑等,佛教亦以法会、祈雨等活动参与其中,其应灾能力日趋成熟。然而,这依然存在不少问题,诸如,过度依赖政府与佛教力量,民间应灾能力较为薄弱,以及缺乏实际有效的救灾措施,如政府借贷、减免徭役、社会救灾力量等。

There were 346 natural disasters in the history of Silla, mainly including drought, earthquake, famine and locust with characteristics of obvious seasonality, regional extensiveness and difference. The disasters caused serious losses of agricultural production, a large number of population loss and death, large-scale hunger uprisings, and blocked the development of Buddhism. For this reason, the rulers of Silla formulated a variety of disaster response measures, including relief,pacification, encouraging agricultural production, etc. The Buddhist society also participated in activities such as holding dharma assembly and praying for rain, and Silla became increasingly mature in disaster response. However, there were many problems, such as excessive reliance on the government and Buddhist forces, relatively weak disaster response capacity in civil society, and the lack of practical and effective relief measures, such as government borrowing, corvee exemption, social disaster relief forces.