清中期民间社会管窥——以清嘉庆朝刑科题本为中心

A Probe into Mid-Qing Civil Society:Focus on Xingke Tiben of Jiaqing Era in Qing Dynasty

20世纪80年代南开大学历史学院的学者们在中国第一历史档案馆中抄录了"清嘉庆朝的刑科题本",2008年,由杜家骥老师主编,正式出版了《清嘉庆朝刑科题本社会史料辑刊》。南开大学还藏有没正式出版的《清嘉庆朝刑科题本》抄本。本文选取其中59件刑科题本,将案件中矛盾发生者之间的关系分为宗族关系类、邻居关系类(包括民与商人)、经商关系类、主佃关系类、其他关系类(包括军与民、民与宗教、官员之间等),探讨宗族的族产和宗族组织的运用、乡村组织的公产设立及其作用、清中期民人的生计和生活等方面,从而对清中期民间社会进行初步考察。

In the 1980s, the scholars from Nankai University’s School of History copied the Xingke Tiben of Jiaqing Era in the Qing Dynasty in the First Historical Archives of China. In 2008, the Collection of Historical Archive on Social History Materials in Xingke Tiben of Jiaqing Period in the Qing Dynasty was officially published under Du Jiaji’s general editorship. Nankai University also has a handwritten copy of Xingke Tiben of Jiaqing Era in the Qing Dynasty, which has not yet been officially published. This paper selects 59 criminal texts, and divides the relationship among the conflict participants in the cases into clan relationship, neighbor relationship(including people and businessmen), business relationship, tenant relationship, and other relationship(including army and civil, people and religion, officials, etc.). It explores the application of clan property and clan organizations, the establishment and function of public property in rural organizations, and the livelihood and life of the people in the mid-Qing Dynasty, so as to carry out a preliminary investigation on the civil society in the mid-Qing Dynasty.