理论与现实:重温马克思《资本论》劳动价值理论

Theory and Reality:Marx’s Labor Theory of Capital

马克思的劳动价值理论产生在一百多年前,主要是寻找价值的源泉,揭示剥削关系。这是由当时社会的主要矛盾决定的,即无产阶级与资产阶级的矛盾。从这方面看,马克思的劳动价值理论无疑是科学的、合理的。马克思劳动价值理论产生一百年后,社会生活发生了重大变化,从我国的实际看,资产阶级作为一个阶级已经不存在。目前“劳动”在现实生活中面临两大窘境:一是体力劳动与智力劳动的关系。在物质生产领域和非物质生产领域的劳动中,非物质生产领域劳动的比重越来越大;在物质生产领域的劳动中,管理劳动和技术劳动的比重越来越大;在生产性劳动者队伍中,对智力和技术的要求越来越高。二是劳动者与建设者的关系。非公有经济人士仍然感到低人一等,社会地位不尽如人意。当前迫切需要实现理论劳动与现实劳动的统一:一是从劳动价值观向劳动财富观转变;二是从建设者向劳动者转变;三是从制造劳动向创造劳动转变;四是从单一劳动向复合劳动转变;五是从劳动谋生向劳动致富转变。

Marx’s labor theory of value(LTV)was proposed more than one hundred years ago,mainly to seek the source of value and to reveal the relationship of exploitation.The creation of LTV was determined by the main contradiction of the society at the time,that is,the contradiction between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie.From this perspective,LTV is undoubtedly scientific and reasonable.One hundred years after the birth of Marx’s theory of labor value,social life has undergone enormous change,and the bourgeoisie no longer exists as a class.“Labor”currently faces two major dilemmas in real life:The first is the relationship between manual labor and intellectual labor.In the labor of material production and non-material production,the proportion of labor in non-material production is increasing;in the labor of material production,the proportion of management labor and technical labor is increasing;in the workforce of productive labor,the requirements for intelligence and technology are getting higher and higher.The second is the relationship between laborers and builders.People from the non-public economic sector still feel inferior and their social status is not satisfactory.There is an urgent need to unify theoretical labor with actual labor.The first is the shift from the labor value to the outlook of labor-oriented wealth;the second is the transition from builders to laborers;the third is the transition from manufacturing labor to the creative labor;the fourth is the transition from single labor to composite labor;the fifth is the transition from livelihood-oriented labor to rich-becoming-oriented labor.