出土文献与秦音乐机构设置及管理问题研究——从岳麓书院藏秦简“虏学炊”“免为学子炊人”看秦乐人的来源与管理

Unearthed Documents and the Study of the Music Mechanism Setting and Management in State Qin——To See the Source and Management of Musicians in State Qin from "Captives Learn to Cook" "Pardon to Become Students and Cooks" of Yuelu Qin Bamboo Strips

《岳麓书院藏秦简(肆)》有一则以"虏学炊"三字起首的律文。简文中"虏学炊"的"炊"字当读为吹,指学习吹奏乐器等技艺。由于简文中还出现了左乐、乐府等音乐机构的名称,初步判断简文的性质是针对在音乐机构学习"吹""讴"等技艺并获得豁免优待的虏人,如果逃亡则如何给予惩罚的律令。秦并六国时期,曾将战事所裹挟的虏人俘获至秦地以为隶臣妾,岳麓书院藏秦简"虏学炊"简文中的"学炊"之"虏",应该就是这些作为罪人的外来移民的未傅籍者或他们未傅籍的子女,"学炊"是他们摆脱罪人世袭身份的一个途径,只有通过"学子"的学习阶段并考试合格,才能取得"炊人"身份并获得罪人身份豁免,进而成为职业乐人并在左乐、乐府供职。简文上述内容涉及秦王政时期及秦代音乐机构设置及有关职能问题,说明至迟在上述历史阶段内,秦不但有名为左乐、乐府的音乐机构,而且上述音乐机构还负有教授并管理乐器吹奏("学炊")及讴歌演唱等技艺的职能。

There is a law,originated with"captives learn to cook",in the fourth volumes of Yuelu Qin bamboo strips.The"cook"of"captives learn to cook"in bamboo strips should be"play",which means the skills of studying playing musical instruments.Due to the appearance of the musical institutions called zuoyue,yuefu in bamboo strips,this paper preliminary estimates that the bamboo strips are laws how to punish captives if one escapes.The captives are those,who study kills of"playing""blowing"and obtain the exemption preferential treatments.When state Qin annexed six states,the emperors take the captives from the war to Qin as li chen qie.The captives,who learn to cook in the Yuelu Qin bamboo strips,should be the sinners or their sons and daughters of the unnaturalized immigrants."Learn to cook"is a way for them to get rid of their hereditary identity as sinners.Only pass the"student"stage of study and pass the exam,the captives can gain immunity from the identity and become a"cook",then become a professional musician to work in zuoyue,yuefu.The paper concerns the period of Emperor Qinshihuang,musical establishments and related functions in Qin Dynasty,It indicates that no later than the above historical stage,Qin has the music institutions called Zuoyue,Yuefu,and the above music institutions are also responsible for teaching,managing the skills of playing musical instruments("learn to cook")and sing songs.