指导性案例跨类型适用的限度与进路

The Limitation and the Approach of Guiding Cases’ Cross-Type Application

司法实践中指导性案例跨类型适用的现象具有广泛性、频发性、多样性、热点集中性等特征。基于对上述现象的实证分析和反思,类型化思维和法律方法的运用是指导性案例跨类型适用的理论依据,满足案例指导制度运行多元化需求则是其现实动因。指导性案例的跨类型适用如果严重背离“类案类判”的基本理念,就易滋生隐患和风险。完善指导性案例的跨类型适用应分别从案例生成和案例适用的角度出发。一方面,通过丰富指导性案例的数量和类型、改进指导性案例的裁判要点从源头上减少指导性案例的跨类型适用概率;另一方面,通过完善指导性案例与待解决案件的相似性判断以及法律适用的“公约化”来规范指导性案例跨类型适用的裁判路径。

The phenomenon of the cross-type application of guiding cases in the judicial practice has the following characteristics:universality,frequency,diversity and concentration of heated issues.Based on the empirical analysis and the reflection of the phenomenon mentioned above,the application of typological thinking and legal methods is the theoretical basis for the cross-type application of guiding cases,and the practical motivation is to meet the diversified needs of the operation of the case guidance system.The cross-type application of guiding cases should conform to the judicial logic and system norms of“class judgment”,or it will bring hidden dangers and risks because of the improper application.To improve the cross-type application of guiding cases,we should start from the perspective of case generation and case application,respectively.On the one hand,by enriching the number and type of guiding cases and improving the key points of judging guiding cases,we would basically reduce the probability of the cross-type application of guiding cases;on the other hand,we could standardize the cross-type application of guiding cases by improving the similarity judgment between guiding cases and pending cases as well as the conventionalization of legal application to standardize the cross-type application of guiding cases.