欧盟EBA普惠制与柬埔寨人权发展效应

An Analysis of the Effects of the EU’s EBA on Cambodia’s Human Rights Development

EBA普惠制是欧盟用来推动贸易伙伴国遵守核心人权和劳工权利的一个政策工具。柬埔寨成为检验欧盟EBA普惠制的人权条件适用的典型个案。欧盟EBA普惠制及其人权条件在柬埔寨的适用形成了"贸易-人权"非同步发展效应:贸易的正向发展效应与人权规范的反向发展效应共存。面对EBA人权条件的失效,欧盟启动针对柬埔寨的贸易特惠撤回程序,使得柬埔寨的人权发展状况有所改善,但仍未实现"贸易-人权"的同步正向发展效应。对此,本文基于外部激励模式,从条件的确定性、奖励的规模、威胁和承诺的可信性、采纳成本的规模等四个方面解释EBA人权条件在柬埔寨适用的有效性问题。

The European Union is at the forefront of the practice of linking trade with human rights through the use of conditionality clauses.Promotion of human rights and core labor rights has thus been a goal of EU trade policy.EBA as one sub-scheme of the EU’s Generalised Scheme of Preferences(GSP)is chosen by the EU to apply its human rights conditionality in Cambodia.Since its application in Cambodia,the human rights situation in Cambodia has not been developed as the EU expected.There is an asynchrony between the positive trade effect and negative human rights effect.Responding to the failure of EBA’s human rights conditionality in Cambodia,the EU has launched a procedure to temporarily suspend EBA preferences for Cambodia.Although Cambodia thus improves its human rights situation,trade-human rights development linking is still short of the EU’s expectation.Effects can be explained by an external incentives model of governance;its ineffectiveness results from the extent of the certainty of conditionality,size of rewards,credibility of commitment and threats,the domestic costs of rule adoption.