抗旱节水小麦分子遗传育种研究进展

Research Advances in Molecular Breeding of Drought Resistance and Water Saving in Wheat

干旱缺水等自然灾害会导致小麦产量年度间变幅较大,尤其在小麦主产区黄淮地区更为严重。小麦抗旱节水育种是应对干旱的重大措施。本综述对小麦抗旱节水常规育种、抗旱节水分子遗传育种相关性状QTL定位、抗旱相关功能基因克隆鉴定、转基因等方面的研究进展进行了综述。水旱亲本杂交与异地交叉选择是卓有成效的常规育种方法,通过分子标记鉴定了关于根重、根长、胚芽鞘、高水分利用效率等相关性状的大量QTL;42个抗旱相关基因被克隆并进行基因功能分析和验证,均从不同代谢通路上影响着小麦抗旱性;14个来自不同供体的抗旱相关基因被研究者导入小麦品种后,转基因小麦植株的抗旱能力均得到不同程度的提高,部分植株在产量和其它抗逆性方面也得到提高。以上研究进展为抗旱节水小麦分子设计育种提供了理论依据和发展方向。

Natural disasters,such as drought and water shortage,resulted in a larger annual variation of wheat yield,especially in the Huanghuai region of the main wheat producing area.Drought resistance breeding is a major measure to cope with drought.In this summarize,the research progress including conventional breeding,molecular genetic breeding,QTL mapping,functional gene cloning,transgenic breeding associated with wheat drought resistance and water saving were reviewed.Hybridization between parents in irrigated field and dry field and cross selection in different places is a fruitful conventional breeding method.A large number of QTLs related root weight,root length,coleoptile and high water use efficiency,were identified by molecular markers.42 drought resistant genes were cloned and analyzed,all of which affected the drought resistance of wheat from different metabolic pathways.14 drought resistant genes from different donors were transferred into wheat varieties,and the drought resistance of transgenic wheat plants was increased in various degrees.Part of plants also increased in yield and other stress tolerance.All of these research advances provide a theoretical basis and development direction for the molecular design breeding of drought resistance and water-saving in wheat.