论电子证据的偏在性及其克服

On Overcoming Electronic Evidence Bias

电子证据的主体偏在,是一个网络时代新突显的证明难题。司法裁判实践表明,当事人证明案件事实已十分依赖电子数据,同时又由于网络平台垄断数据而出现个人信息本人不可得的现象。解决证据偏在,现存欧陆和英美两种模式。以证明责任减轻理论为中心的欧陆模式,为我国所沿袭。然而电子证据的偏在出现了新情况:不再是个案现象,偏在主体趋于垄断,证据偏在已影响到案件主要事实的证明。上述境况之下,服务于现代型诉讼的理论难以有效回应网络型诉讼的电子证据偏在。美国的电子证据开示模式,以尖端科技解决技术变革产生的证据问题、坚持当事人主导证据收集的思路值得借鉴。但由于开示负担过重、宽泛的开示范围以及同现有的证明责任分配规则的难以协调,又使我们无法直接照搬。从技术、成本、制度3个维度出发考察,当前的收集手段存有较大局限性,未来可将其纳入个人信息决定权的范畴内考虑,并在充分评估风险-收益后,适时地提出网络平台的信息公开义务。

The imbalance of electronic evidence is a new and prominent problem in the Internet era.The judicial judgments indicate that the parties have relied heavily on electronic data to serve as evidence for the case,but it is difficult to provide evidence because the network platform monopolizes the data.There are two modes to overcome the bias of evidence.The continental model,which is the center of the proof burden reduction theory,has been adopted by China.However,there is a new phenomenon in the bias of electronic evidence:it is no longer incidental.It tends to monopolize the subject,and the evidence tends to affect the proof of the main evidence of the case.Under the above changes,it is difficult for this theory to adapt effectively to the bias of electronic evidence in cyber litigation.It is worth learning from the American model of electronic evidence discovery to solve the problem of evidence caused by technological change with frontier technology and insist that the parties lead the collection of evidence.However,because of the excessive burden of disclosure,the broad scope of disclosure and the difficulty in harmonizing with the existing rules for the distribution of burden of proof,we cannot directly copy them.Judging from the three dimensions of technology,cost,system,the current collection means are inadequate.The personal information right should be taken into consideration.In the future,it can be taken into the scope of personal information decision,and the information disclosure obligation of the network platform can be put into effect in a timely manner after the risk-benefit is fully assessed.