个人特殊体质介入侵权责任影响的类型化分析——基于最高法院24号指导案例适用情况的考察

Typification Analysis of the Effect of Individual Special Physique on Tort Liability: Based on the Investigation of Supreme Court No. 24 Guiding Case

受害人自身特殊体质如何影响侵权责任的承担,各种观点不一。最高法院第24号指导案例确立受害人体质状况不属于减轻侵权人责任情形的“蛋壳脑袋”规则,但尚未得到普遍参照适用。究其原因,既有对因果关系、原因力等理论存在误解的原因,也有道德倾向、现实需求、“类似案件”识别标准模糊等现实原因。实际上,对于判断特殊体质与损害结果之间是否存在因果关系,无论采用因果关系二分论还是相当因果关系学说,都融入了法律政策的考量和主观价值判断。因此,个人特殊体质对侵权责任影响应从法律技术判断回归价值判断,根据是否因年龄自然增长形成的特殊体质、特殊程度、知悉情况、故意还是过失等因素进行类型化分析。

There are different views on the influence of the victim s own special physique on the tort liability.In order to unify the judgment of such cases,Supreme Court No.24 guiding case established the“eggshell head”rule that the victim s physical condition does not belong to the circumstance of mitigating the tortfeasor s liability.However,it is found that there are still a large number of such cases that do not conform to the application of the guiding rules,which is not only the reason for the misunderstanding of the theory of causality and causal force by judges,but also the deep-rooted reasons such as moral tendency,realistic demand and fuzzy identification standard of“similar cases”.In fact,both the dichotomy of cause and effect and the theory of equivalent cause and effect are finally integrated into the consideration of legal policy and subjective value judgment.Therefore,the impact of individual special physique on tort liability should be changed from legal technical judgment to value judgment,and distinguished with typological thinking.The typification analysis should be based on the factors such as the special constitution formed due to the natural growth of age,the special degree,the knowledge of information,the intentional or negligent infringement and other factors.