结构遗产：理解当代宗族复兴的一个新概念——以对海南张氏宗族发展历程考察为基础

Structural Heritage: A New Concept to Observe the Contemporary Revival of Chinese Lineage

就目前而言,关于当代宗族复兴的研究,不少学者已经作出了有益的探索,提出了许多颇有解释力的观点,归纳起来主要分为两派:一派将其归因于中国传统文化的"深层理念",比如钱杭的"本体性需求论";另一派则归因于满足现实层面的"功能需求",比如王铭铭提出的"功能需求论"等。但是这两派学者的观点都基于一个共同的前提,即他们对宗族的理解仍然延续着弗里德曼自下而上的部分视角,将宗族视为一种单一的地域化组织。海南张氏宗族发展过程的研究表明,应该采用一种整体视角来看待宗族,将宗族视为一种带有层级性与中心性的结构体系。当代宗族的复兴实质上是一种结构体系的复兴,即明清时期形成的宗族结构体系在当代社会的复兴。换言之,明清时期形成的宗族结构体系可被视为当下宗族复兴的"结构遗产"。

At present, many scholars have made useful explorations on the research of contemporary rejuvenation of Chinese lineage, and put forward many explanatory views, which are mainly divided into two categories: one is attributed to the "in-depth thinking" of Chinese traditional culture, such as Qian Hang’s "theory of intrinsic demand";the other is attributed to satisfy the "functional demand" of reality, such as Wang Ming Ming’s "theory of functional needs" and so on. However, the views of the two categories of scholars are based on a common premise, that is, their understanding of Chinese lineage still continues Freedman’s partial perspective from the bottom up, which regards Chinese lineage as a single regional organization. Therefore, in order to correct the previous biased understanding of Chinese lineage from the perspective of Freedman, in order to make a new and reasonable explanation for the contemporary revival of Chinese lineage, this paper adopts a holistic perspective to understand Chinese lineage, and regards Chinese lineage as a hierarchical and central structural system. At the same time, this paper puts forward the concept of "structural heritage" after a long period of investigation and analysis on the structural system of the Zhang clan in Hainan. It holds that the contemporary rejuvenation of Chinese lineage is essentially the rejuvenation of the structural system, that is, the rejuvenation of the lineage structural system formed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties in the contemporary society. In other words, the lineage structure system formed in Ming and Qing dynasties can be regarded as the "structural heritage" of the current clan revival.