“黑脸”概念汉英词语的语义拓展

Semantic Expansion of Phrases in the Concept of “Black Face” in Chinese and English

从隐喻和转喻认知理论的视角看,CCL语料库中汉语词语"黑脸"和COCA语料库中英语词语"black face",均由中心义项"脸部肤色为黑色"出发,基于隐喻和转喻,拓展出其他义项。"黑脸"概念的语义拓展路径在汉英词语中有着异同之处:人们基于普遍的生理体验,形成相同的语义拓展路径,即将黑色脸部的感知,与黑色物体的表面、严肃的神情相联系,拓展出"物体的黑色表面""戏剧上的脸谱或妆容"和"神情严肃"三层相同词义;亦因受中西文化理念的影响,形成不同的拓展路径,即中国历史文化导致汉语词语"黑脸"拓展出"态度严厉""秉公执法""粗鲁凶恶"和"辛苦勤劳"四层独特词义,而西方多种族文化使"black face"拓展出"黑色人种"和"种族偏见"两层独特词义。

From the perspective of cognitive views on metaphor and metonymy,the Chinese phrase"black face"in the corpus of CCL and the English phrase"black face"in COCA both extend from the central meaning of"the dark skin color of face"to other implications via metaphor and metonymy.There are similarities and differences in semantic expansion mechanism of"black face".The similarities are the similar paths of semantic expansion constructed on the universal bodily experience,which attaches the experience of dark face to the surface of black objects and seriousness in facial expressions to infer three similar shades of meanings,"the black surface of things","the dark facial makeup in drama"and"a serious look".The differences refer to the different paths of semantic expansion formed with the impact of the difference between Chinese and western culture.Chinese history and culture has led to four shades of meaning of"strictness","impartial law enforcement","rude fierceness"and"diligence"in Chinese,while western multiracial culture has caused two shades of meaning,"black race"and"racial prejudice"in English.