论伯罗奔尼撒战争期间雅典“将军机制”对决策的影响

Influence of the Athenian “General Mechanism” on Its Decision Making during the Peloponnesian War

整个伯罗奔尼撒战争期间,雅典与斯巴达的领导机制不同。伯里克利之后,雅典的"将军机制"对其战场上将军的决策产生了很大的影响,雅典将军在关键时刻不断地展现出迎合、投机、逃避、激进、自保、孤注一掷等负面行为。尽管雅典将军轮番更替,变更频繁,然而我们依然可以从这些人数众多,任期短暂的将军决策中解读出一些相似的行为特点,而这些相似的特点恰恰根源于"将军机制"。雅典在战争中一系列的战术性优势并没有转化为其最终的胜利,然而在其中,雅典一次次对战争的动员、经过、结果都表现出了显著的自身制度特色。这些跌宕起伏、胜负交织的战争进程,在很大程度上也是由受制于"将军机制"的将军决策行为,也就是说,雅典的"将军机制"塑造了将军决策时的人性,这种人性又反过来影响了将军决策的制定,而这些决策深刻地影响了雅典的整个战局。

During the Peloponnesian war,the decision-making mechanism in Athens and Sparta was totally different.Generals after Pericles alternated frequently and the Athens’“General Mechanism”had exerted a big influence on the generals’decisions.Their behaviors demonstrated some similarities:catering;speculation;evasion,radicalization,self-protection and so on.All these similarities could be traced back to the“General Mechanism”.Although Athens’s various victories in the battlefield did not lead to its final triumph,the mobilization,process and outcome of the war showed distinct characteristics that could be attributed to the mechanism as well.That is to say,the“General Mechanism”decided the generals’human nature which in turn influenced their decisions which finally played a key role in the whole war.