关键能力研究的国际经验与启示

International Experience and Enlightenment in Key Competency Research

关键能力是满足终身学习与职业转换需要,实现个人职业成长与可持续发展的终身能力。通过对具代表性的国际组织和国家的关键能力内涵、框架及培养路径等进行对比分析,发现关键能力的培养被作为教育和人力资源开发的重要策略,并已具备较为成熟的培养体系。在培训内容方面都包含"硬能力"和"软能力","硬能力"主要是语言文字能力、STEM能力、信息应用能力和数字化能力;"软能力"包括学习能力、个人管理能力、沟通能力、问题解决能力、创新创业能力和公民与社会能力。在关键能力培养方面各国从人力资源主管部门和教育主管部门两个系统都进行了相应的宏观框架设计和具体落实途径,将关键能力培养作为专门的项目实施或者是将关键能力培养融入职业培训包,在工学结合的情景教学中,通过工作岗位学习培养学生的关键能力。借鉴国际经验,从国家和学校两个层面进一步探讨了关键能力培养的中国化途径。

The key competency is a lifelong ability to meet the needs of lifelong learning and career transformation, and to achieve personal career growth and sustainable development. Through a comparative analysis of the key competence connotation, framework and training path of representative international organizations and countries, it is found that the training of key competencies has been used as an important strategy for education and human resource development, and has a relatively mature training system. The training content includes "hard ability" and "soft ability". The "hard ability" mainly includes language ability, STEM ability, information application ability and digital ability;"soft ability" includes learning ability, personal management ability, communication ability, problem-solving ability, innovation and entrepreneurship ability, and civil and social ability. In terms of key competency training, all countries have designed the corresponding macro framework and specific implementation ways from the two systems of human resources and education department, implemented key competency training as a special project or integrated key competency training into the vocational training package, and trained the students’ key competency through job-based learning in the situational teaching. Drawing on international experience, this paper further explores the Chinese approach to the cultivation of key competencies from both the national and school levels.