兼顾生态效益的最佳施肥量研究——以全国苹果化肥投入为例

Study on the Optimal Fertilizer Application with Ecological Benefits in mind-——A Case of Apple Fertilizer Input in China

【目的】针对我国当前农业污染严重,经济作物化肥施用过量现象,以苹果生产为例,估算苹果兼顾经济效益和生态效益的最佳施肥量。【方法】运用剂量影响法和构建二次生产函数法,分别估算化肥外部成本和边际产出。【结果】兼顾生态效益的最佳经济施肥量为932.55 kg/hm2,但容易受到市场价格变化的影响,随着化肥价格上升而减少,随着苹果价格的上升而增加。化肥的外部成本为0.73元/kg,污染成本依次是大气污染<土壤污染<水体污染,并且较为昂贵。【结论】全国平均苹果施肥强度符合最佳施肥量的要求,但不同苹果产区具有明显的地区施肥差异,部分苹果产区过量施肥问题较为严重。提出减少化肥财政政策干预、加快测土配方施肥的推广和建立生态补偿体系等对策建议。

【Objective】In view of the serious agricultural pollution and the excessive application of chemical fertilizer in economic crops in China,taking apple production as an example,the optimal amount of fertilizer application for both economic and ecological benefits of apple was estimated.【Methods】The external cost and marginal output of chemical fertilizer were estimated by using dose effect method and secondary production function method.【Results】The results showed that the optimal economic fertilization rate considering ecological benefits was 932.55 kg/hm2,but it was prone to be affected by the change of market price.It would decrease with the increase of fertilizer price and increase with the increase of apple price.The external cost of chemical fertilizer was 0.73 yuan/kg,and the pollution costs were expensive and ranked as:air pollution<soil pollution<water pollution.【Conclusion】The average fertilization intensity of apple in China meets the requirements of the best fertilization amount,but there are obvious regional fertilization differences in different apple production areas,and the problem of excessive fertilization is more serious in some apple production areas.Therefore,some suggestions such as reducing the financial policy intervention of chemical fertilizer,accelerating the promotion of soil testing formula fertilizer and establishing the ecological compensation system are put forward.