现代俄罗斯文学的奇特起源：18世纪中叶对欧洲流行文学之模仿

The Peculiar Origins of Modern Russian Literature:An Imitation of Popular European Literature in the Middle of the Eighteenth Century

现代俄罗斯文学之产生并非一蹴而就的,普希金只是完成了从古罗斯向现代俄罗斯转型的关键性人物。事实上,伴随着彼得一世改革,帝俄当局鼓励大规模译介欧洲流行作品,使得法国古典主义文学艺术长驱直入,以图培养俄国人欧洲贵族的风范。但是,报刊审查制度却未能阻挡流浪汉小说之类的历险记作品也随之进入俄国,并且这种看似低俗实则倡导人性解放之作,更受城市化进程中的市民读者阶层青睐。更重要的是,这种情形吻合加速学习欧洲的时代潮流,意外地启示了当时的译者也去模仿这些译作而创作俄罗斯文学,俄国第一批文学家费多尔·艾明、楚尔科夫和科马洛夫等,就创作了大量用欧洲历险记的结构去书写俄罗斯普通人的日常生活小说。这种小说为1812年抵抗拿破仑的卫国战争胜利之后俄罗斯旅行记及其诗学的孕育提供了扎实基础。

Modern Russian literature did not come into being overnight.Pushkin was just a key figure in the transformation from ancient Russia to modern Russia.In fact,with the reform of Peter I,the Russian authori⁃ties encouraged the large-scale translation and introduction of popular European works,which made the French classical literature and art go straight into the country in order to cultivate the Russian style of Europe⁃an aristocracy.However,the newspaper censorship failed to prevent the adventure works like picaresque nov⁃els from entering Russia,and these seemingly vulgar works actually advocated human liberation,which were more favored by the citizen readers in the process of urbanization.More importantly,this match the Times trend of accelerating learning European,which accidentally revealed the translators at that time created the Russian literature by imitating the translated works.Therefore,the first modern writers in Russia,such as Fe⁃dor Ammy,Churkov and Matve Komarov,and so on,created a great number of the novels about Russian peo⁃ple daily life employing the structure of European adventure.This kind of novels provided a solid foundation for the development of Russian travel writing and poetics after the victory of the great patriotic war against Na⁃poleon in 1812.