中美在导弹技术扩散问题上的矛盾与协调(1986—1994)

Contradiction and Coordination Between PRC and US on Missile Technology Diffusion(1986-1994)

中美制苏伙伴关系加速发展时期,正值中国成为重要的导弹武器出口国。美国反对中国对伊朗出售"蚕式"巡航导弹及对沙特出售"东风"弹道导弹,谋求利用"导弹及其技术控制制度"规制中国的导弹出口,导弹军控就此构成1980年代后半期至1990年代初期中美关系的重要组成。鉴于"联华制苏"战略,美国在1989年前对华导弹军控比较温和,中方也同美方达成初步谅解。中美关系恶化后,美国对华导弹军控政策保守性与进攻性加强,指责中国扩散导弹技术,采取多轮对华严厉制裁。中国表示尊重美国主导的"导弹及其技术控制制度",调整导弹出口政策,中美就此议题实现协调,但两国在导弹军控问题上的深层次矛盾并未消弭。导弹军控议题从侧面反映出冷战结束前后,中美关系由制苏伙伴关系向大国竞合关系的微妙转变。

When the Sino-US partnership aimed at containing the Soviet Union was increasingly strengthened,China was becoming an important exporter of missile weapons. The United States objected to China’s sale of "Silkworm"cruise missiles to Iran and"Dongfeng"ballistic missiles to Saudi Arabia. US government tried to force and regulate China into the Missile Technology Control Regime( MTCR),so missile control became an important issue between the Sino-US relationship in late 1980 s and early 1990 s. In view of its "uniting China to contain the Soviet Union"strategy,the US was relatively moderate in the missile arms control before 1989 and the PRC reached a preliminary understanding with the US. After the deterioration of Sino-US relations,the US’s policy turned to be more conservative and offensive,accusing China of missile technology diffusion and imposing severe sanctions on China. Later,China complied with the US-led MTCR,adjusted its missile export policy,and the US and China achieved coordination,but the deep-seated contradictions on this issue were not eliminated. The missile control issue reflected the subtle change of Sino-US relations from partnership to competition and cooperation around the end of the Cold War.