西夏文军抄账译释研究

On Translation and Interpretation of Account Books of Chao in Tangut

黑水城出土的西夏文军抄账包括以溜为单位的军抄账、以甲为单位的军抄账、军抄户籍账和军抄财物账,是近年新发现的西夏军事文书品类。本文对其进行翻译和考释。这些文书反映出西夏不仅有以首领所辖军抄进行登录的军籍文书,而且有以溜和甲为单位进行登录的文书,也说明西夏对基层军事组织有多种检校、登录形式。在西夏,军抄与户籍相互渗透、交织,军抄与土地、牲畜等财产密切关联,将兵、民结合在一起,从社会层面反映西夏兵民合一的军事体制和管理特点。有的文书表明西夏存在对军抄中兵丁的钱粮补贴,反映出西夏全民皆兵的军事体制有政府费用补助作为保障,所谓西夏军队"人人自备其费"的说法值得商榷。

The Tangut account books of Chao(the smallest group of soldiers in the Tangut Army) unearthed in the city of Heishui,which are newly discovered Xixia military documents,include account books in the unit of Liu and account books,household registration and property record books in the unit of Jia. This paper is a translation and interpretation of those documents. They indicate that in Xixia there were military accounts recorded under the leadership of the head as well as documents registered with the units of Liu and Jia,meaning that Xixia had different forms of checking and recording for grass-roots military organizations. In Xixia,Chao and household registration were mutually infiltrated and interwoven;Chao was closely related to land,livestock and other properties;and the merging of the military and the civilian reflected the military system and management characteristics of civil-military integration. Some documents show that there were subsidies in the form of money or food for soldiers in Chao,reflecting that the military system of "every citizen being a soldier"in Xixia was supported by government subsidies,therefore,the so-called saying"everyone had to provide for himself"deserves to be questioned.