晚清长江水师之制度论析——兼与绿营、湘军水师制度比较

Analysis of System of Yangtze River Navy in Late Qing Dynasty——Also A Comparison with Systems of Lu Army and Navy of Xiang Army

晚清时期特别是在太平天国战争期间,经清廷反复酝酿、于战后正式建立起来的长江水师,是晚清一支重要的水上武装力量。由于这支水师与湘军水师错综复杂的关系,学界一般都认为它属于勇营系统,而实际上它是清廷借鉴勇营系统优点建立的一支绿营经制军队,其体制总体是按照绿营系统设计的。长江水师在营制上,实行绿营传统的提镇和归标分汛制度;在饷章制度上,则是在绿营体制的基础上尽量向较为优厚的勇营饷章靠拢;同时在各项事务经费和后勤补给方面采用传统的奏销体制;其人员之铨选、禁约处分等制度虽参用勇营体制,但基本的体制框架仍是传统的绿营体制。长江水师制度之设计是清廷企图糅合勇营体制,改革和重建经制绿营水师体制的一次尝试。

The Yangtze River Navy,which was formally established following the War to Suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom,was an important waterborne armed force in the late Qing Dynasty. Because of its complex relations with the navy of the Xiang( Hunan) army,the academic circles have tended to believe that it was in the system of Yong( local recruits)Force,but actually,it was an armed force with the traditional system of the Lu Army which was a part of Qing’s standing army exclusively composed of the Hans. Its system was designed basically according to that of the Lu Army. The organizational structure of the Yangtze River Navy took the Lu Army’s traditional pyramid-layered structural form;and the remuneration system was also based on the Lu Army one,but it adopted the more generous Yong Force pay system. As for various funds and logistics supplies,the traditional system was employed whose process involved application and appropriation. Some of the rules and regulations regarding staff selection and orders and prohibitions were borrowed from the Yong Force,but the basic system framework was still the traditional system of the Lu Army’s. The system of the Yangtze River Navy was an attempt in the Qing Dynasty to reform and reconstruct the traditional Lu Navy,trying to assimilate that of the Yong Force into it.