从诸官到列曹：秦汉县政承担者的转变及其动因考论

From Zhu Guan to Lie Cao:A Textual Research on the Change of County Administration Undertakers in the Qin and Han Dynasties and Its Motivations

秦至东汉,地方县内政务承担者由诸官转变为列曹。这一变化历程在传世文献与简牍资料中均有所呈现。战国至西汉,县的直接管理者由内史过渡到郡,造成了县内政务运行体制的调整。商鞅变法确立了内史等朝官共同管理县政的体制,县内诸官系统因对接朝廷各管理部门而形成。西汉中后期,郡制在地方的完全确立,切割了县与朝廷的直接联系。县为对接郡的列曹体制而使原有列曹壮大、完善进而成为县内政务的承担者。上述转变过程具有长期性与复杂性,还涉及内史的地方化和郡的行政化等问题。

From the Qin dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty,the undertakers of government administration in local counties were changed from Zhu Guan(诸官)to Lie Cao(列曹),and the process of such transformation can be found in the documents and bamboo slips handeddown from ancient times.In the Warring States Period,Nei Shi(内史)was the direct administrator of a county,but the power was shifted to Jun(郡)in the Western Han Dynasty,resulting in the adjustment of the administrative operating system in counties.Shang Yang(商鞅)’s Reforms in the Qin dynasty established a system of joint management of county administration by imperial officials such as Nei Shi,and the system of county officials was formed by connecting with the administrative departments of the imperialcourt.In the middle and late Western Han Dynasty,the system of Jun cut off the direct connection between counties and the imperial court upon its establishment.In the process of connecting with the Jun’s system of Lie Cao,the county governments had strengthened and improved the original system of Lie Cao,which then became the undertakers of the county administration.This long-term and complicated transformation also involved the localization of Nei Shi and the administration of Jun.