中晚唐两制草诏格局的形成及演变

Study on the Formation and Evolution of the Liangzhi Drafting Pattern in the Late Tang Dynasty

中晚唐两制草诏的区别较鲜明地体现在用纸材质上,从学士院成立之初翰林学士张垍用黄麻写诏,到代宗大历年间以内制白麻任命李栖筠为御史大夫,是翰林学士院草诏制度的一大变化。在早期的白麻内制中,命相制书是最早且较稳定地归属学士院起草的文书类型。至德宗贞元时期,涉及节度使的除命以及赦文德音、招讨宣慰等重要政务处分的诏令起草,开始较为稳定地归属学士院。宪宗元和时期及其以后,通过对元稹、白居易文集等集部文献中所收诏敕予以归类,可大体展现此期两制分工的整体面貌,其中外制黄敕在各品级官僚群体的除授上皆有行用,而内制白麻的行用则大体被限定在常参官以及五品以上外官的除授范围之内。

The differences in the drafting of Liangzi(两制)in the middle and late Tang dynasty were embodied in the materials of official papers.At the inception of the Xueshi Academy,the academician Zhang Ji drafted the edicts on yellow linens,while by the time of Emperor Daizong’s reign the appointment of Li Qijun as an imperial censor was drafted on white linens by the Xueshi Academy,which was a great change in the drafting system of the Xueshi Academy.Among the early edicts drafted on white linens,the imperial decree of appointing premier was the earliest type of official documents drafted by the Xueshi Academy.During the Zhenyuan period of Dezong,the Xueshi Academy started to draft decrees involving the appointment of military commissioners,pardons,military expeditions,pacifications and so on.During the Yuanhe period of Xianzong and afterwards,the overall landscape of the Liangzhi system could be presented by classifying the edicts in collected works of Yuan Zhen(元稹)and Bai Juyi(白居易).In a word,the edicts on yellow linens were used for appointing officials of any grade,while the edicts on white linens were applied to the appointment of Changcanguan(常参官)and magistrates above the fifth grade.