社区邻里效应对个人贫困的影响有多大

How Much Does the Neighborhood Effect Affect Individual Poverty?

社区邻里效应是造成个体长期贫困以及贫困集聚的主要原因之一,研究中国的社区邻里效应现象有助于解决中国的贫困集聚问题。本文基于中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)1989—2015年的数据,检验了社区邻里效应的存在性,计算了社区邻里效应对个体贫困概率的影响大小,探究了社区邻里效应对个体贫困的长期影响以及对个体贫困时长的影响,最后还计算了社区邻里效应能够解释个体贫困、学历水平以及收入水平差异的百分比。结果发现:中国存在显著的社区邻里效应,同时社区邻里效应具有非线性特征;良好的社区邻里环境使得个体贫困概率显著降低、学历水平和收入水平显著提高,女性和城市个体的贫困状态更易受到社区邻里效应的影响,不可观测因素在一定程度上增强了社区邻里效应对个体贫困、学历和收入的作用;社区邻里效应对个体贫困的影响具有长期特征,对个人贫困时长的影响也十分显著;个体贫困状态差异的1/4、个体学历水平和收入水平差异的1/5可归因于社区邻里效应。因此,扶贫过程中应当关注社区邻里效应。

The neighborhood effect is one of the main reasons for the long-term poverty of individuals and the concentration of poverty,so studying the neighborhood effect can help address the problem of poverty concentration in China.Based on the data of China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS)from 1989 to 2015,this paper examines the existence of neighborhood effect,calculates its influence on the probability of individual poverty,explores its long-term influence on individual poverty and its impact on the duration of individual poverty,and finally,estimates the contribution of the neighborhood effect to individual poverty,educational attainment and income differences.The results show that the neighborhood effect is significant and non-linear in China;a good neighborhood environment decreases the probability of individual poverty and increases the education level and income level;females and urban dwellers are more susceptible to the neighborhood effect;unobservable factors to some extent reinforce the neighborhood effect on individual poverty,education and income;the neighborhood effect has long-term influence on the probability of individual poverty and significant influence on the latter s duration;it could explain a quarter of the variation in poverty status between individuals and a fifth of the variation in education and income levels.Therefore,the neighborhood effect deserves our attention in the process of poverty alleviation.