古代中药价格管理史考察

An investigation of the price management history of ancient Chinese medicine

国家管理药价始于周代,以平粜(籴)、药物储备等措施稳定药价;公元前221年前(秦前),中药价格是自然经济形成的自然价格,总体上比较合理;汉朝实行平准、常平政策及上中下三等价格制度,黄连、牛膝、防风、续断等14种中药平均价格每两8文,为粮食的160倍,价格由卖方主导;唐朝采取常平政策、和籴与平粜方法及严格的三等价格制度,黄连、黄芩等43种药价平均每量15.03文,是粮食的23.1倍;宋朝沿袭唐朝价格管理制度,药价为粮食的45.6倍,国家专卖药品价格低于市场价格的1/3;明、清朝仍然运用常平政策,药价分别为粮食的82.16、12.6倍。总之,汉朝至清朝中药价格形成机制由国家干预和生产竞争构成。古代药品专卖制度具有一定的现实意义。

The price of Chinese medicines under state control began in Wester Zhou Dynasty,and the price of Chinese medicines is stabilized by means of Pingtiao,Pingdi and drug reserve.Before 221 B.C.(before Qin Dynasty),the price of traditional Chinese medicines is the natural price foemed by the natural economy.In Han Dynasty,14 kinds of traditional Chinese medicines,such as Rhizoma Coptidis,Radix Cyathulae,Radix Saposhnikoviae and Radix Dipsaci,average 8 Wen per Liang,160 times as such grain,and the price is dominated by the seller.Tang Dynasty adopt the Changping policy,Hezhi and Pingzhu methods and the strict three-lever price system.The average price of 43 kinds of medicines,such as Coptic chinensis and Scutellaria baicalensis is 15.03 times that of grain,23.1 times that of grain.Song Dynasty follows the price management system of the Tang Dynasty,and the price of medicines is 45.6 times that of grain,the price of monopolized drugs is less than one third of the market price.In Ming and Qing Dynasty,the policy of Changping is still applied,and the price of medicines is 82.16 and 12.6 times higher than that of grain respectively.In a word,the price formation mechanism of traditional Chinese medicines from Han Dynasty to Qing Dynasty is composed of stste intervention and production competition.The ancient drug monopoly system has certain practical significance.