董仲舒的“王道”传承及“改制”思想

The Inheritance of Dong Zhongshu’s “Kingly Way of Government” and His Thought of “System Restructuring”

董学界关于董仲舒历史思想或“改制”的文章很多,但董仲舒对于上古的书写并不是历史思维作用的结果,而是在构建现实层面中的“王道”传承及施用过程。董仲舒吸收先秦诸说,认为王道传承顺序是尧舜→禹→商汤→周→《春秋》,同时他也接受人类社会呈现一治一乱的变化。但他认为这种变化是渐变的,因此各个王道得以衔接,虽为乱世,也不至出现没有王道的真空时期。一治一乱的循环过程被董仲舒改造成先后圣道衔接的循环过程,整个世界被他改造为原则性王道指导之下,具体王道的交替实践过程。即根本的道原则指导的前提下,具体的道呈现出三统之下新旧王之间改制的三王五帝九皇循环;礼乐的商夏质文,或其简略方式质文循环;以及为政纲领的夏忠、殷敬、周文的三循环。

There are many papers about Dong Zhongshu’s historical thought or“system restructuring”among the studies on Dong’s theory.However,his writing of ancient times is not the result of historical thinking,but the process of inheriting and applying“kingly way of government”in the construction of reality.He absorbed various theories of the Pre-Qin Period,holding that the kingly way of government was first passed on from Yao and Shun to Yu,then to Emperor Tang of the Shang Dynasty,next to Zhou Dynasty,and finally to the Spring and Autumn Period.At the same time,he also accepted that the human society could be changed from governance to turbulence,or vice versa.But he thought that this change was gradual so that the kingly ways of government were linked with each other and there would be no period without kingly way of government even if it was in turbulent days.The cyclic process of governance and turbulence was restructured by Dong Zhongshu into a cyclic process of one kingly way of government being linked with another successively.Guided by the principle of kingly way of government,the whole society was restructured into a practical cyclic process of specific kingly way of government.That is,under the guidance of the fundamental principle of kingly way of government,the specific kingly way of government presented the restructured cycle of Sanwang--Wudi--Jiuhuang between the old and new emperors in his Santong theory;the outer form and the inner substance of ritual and music in the Shang and Xia Dynasties or its abbreviated form,the cycle of the outer form and the inner substance;the cycle of loyalty in the Xia Dynasty,respect in the Yin Dynasty and ritual in the Zhou Dynasty,which are the guiding principles for administering a country.