3～7岁儿童的规则内化：家长养育行为与儿童性别、气质的交互作用

Children’s Internalization of Rules at Age 3～7:The Interaction between Parenting and Children’s Gender and Temperament

本研究以254名3~7岁儿童为研究对象,考察家长的养育行为与儿童性别、气质特点对儿童规则内化水平的作用,结果表明3~7岁儿童的规则内化水平随年龄增加显著提高,但在不同领域内快速提高的时间存在先后;女孩的整体规则内化水平高于男孩,具体仅表现在道德和习俗两个领域;难养儿童的规则内化水平显著低于普通儿童和易养儿童;民主养育与儿童的规则内化正相关,消极养育(尤其是专制和忽视行为)与规则内化负相关;养育对儿童规则内化的作用存在性别差异,家长的专制和忽视行为不利于女孩的规则内化,民主行为促进男孩的规则内化;养育对易养儿童规则内化的作用比对普通儿童更强,难养儿童不受家长养育影响。家长需要分阶段、有重点、有技巧地进行规则教育,特别要关注女孩的情感敏感性,重视风险气质儿童的自身成长,以促进儿童的社会化。

254 children aged 3~7 and their parents were investigated to find out the effects of parental parenting behaviors,children’s characteristics on children’s internalization of rules.The results showed that:(1)Children’s internalization of rules improved significantly during 3~7 years old,while the time of rapid improvement varied in different domains.(2)Girls showed higher level of internalization of rules than boys,but only in moral and convention domains.The internalization of rules of difficult children was significantly lower than that of normal and easy children.(3)Democratic parenting was positively correlated with internalization of rules,while negative parenting negatively,especially for authoritarian and neglect parenting.(4)There were gender differences in the role of parenting on children’s internalization of rules.Authoritarian and neglect parenting were harmful to girls’internalization of rules,while democratic parenting promoted boys’internalization of rules.(5)Parenting affected easy children’internalization of rules more than normal ones.Difficult children were not affected by parenting.Parents should carry out rule education in stages,with focus and skills.Also parents should pay more attention to the emotional sensitivity of girls and the development of children with risk temperament,to promote the socialization of children.