“冷战”与“解冻”:双重背景下苏联对外科学文化政策的调整(1953-1964年)

"The Cold War,9 and“Thaw”:The Soviet Union's Adjustment in Its Foreign Scientific and Cultural Policies against the Twofold Background(1953-1964)

斯大林时期苏联的对外科学文化政策,在赫鲁晓夫时期发生了变化。以1958年成立的苏共中央意识形态委员会为界,在此之前,受国内“解冻”思潮的影响,苏共中央放松了对学者国际交流的限制,重新开启了同以美国为首的西方国家的科技交往,并取得了突破性的成果;1958年初,在国际“冷战”局势持续发展的影响下,苏共成立了意识形态委员会,加强了对科学文化交流的管理,苏联同西方国家的关系呈现出对抗与交锋的趋势。60年代初,随着苏美关系“蜜月期”的结束,以及意识形态委员会的撤销,苏联同西方国家的科学文化关系再次陷入混乱与僵局。

Foreign scientific and cultural policies under Stalin changed during Khrushchev's reign.Before the establishment of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union(CPSU)Central Committee on Ideology,Culture and International Party Relations in 1958,influenced by domestic"thaw"trends,the CPSU loosened restrictions on international exchanges of scholars and restarted scientific communications with western countries led by the U.S.,making breakthroughs.In early 1958,under continuous influences of the"Cold War",the CPSU established the Central Committee on Ideology,Culture and International Party Relations,strengthening its management of scientific and cultural exchanges.The Soviet Union started to confront western countries.In the early 1960s,with the end of the Soviet・U.S."honeymoon"and the cancellation of the Committee,scientific and cultural relations between the Soviet Union and western countries once again fell into chaos and deadlock.