中东欧激进右翼和极右民粹主义的兴起——从社会文化遗产角度的分析

The Rise of Radical Right-wing and the Extreme-right Populism in Central and Eastern Europe--A Perspective of Social and Cultural Heritage

冷战结束和东欧转轨以来,中东欧政治发展的最终诉求,无论从中东欧国家申请入盟(EU)的举动,抑或是欧盟国家施加监督和管控基础之上的接纳来看,应当是自由民主制的建立和存续。但是在九十年代的“黄金岁月”之后,中东欧国家的民粹主义势力出现了明显的上升,尤其是曾经作为转型排头兵的维谢格拉德集团(匈牙利、捷克、斯洛伐克以及波兰),民粹主义不仅崛起而且执政,成功进行了所谓“逆民主化”操作。与此同时,激进右翼势力在中东欧的影响也日益增强。对于二者的兴起,历来有两大解释要素:经济因素和文化因素。学界对于二者的实际作用也各有分析,但是结合中东欧冷战后政治发展的实际,社会文化因素的解释力明显更为有效。本文力图分析和概括针对中东欧民粹主义和激进右翼势力兴起的西方主要研究视角,指出其贡献和不足,以及未来可能的进一步研究的方向。

Since the end of the Cold War and the transition in Eastern Europe,the ultimate appeal of the political development of Central and Eastern Europe(CEE)should be the establishment and existence of freedom and democracy,whether according to the CEE countries'application for membership in the European Union(EU)or the acceptance based on supervision and control of the EU countries.However,after the"golden age"in the 1990s,populist forces in CEE countries have increased significantly,especially the Visegrad Group(referring to Hungary,the Czech Republic,Slovakia and Poland)which was once the leader of the transition.Populism not only rose but also took power,successfully carrying out the so-called"anti-democratization"operation.Meanwhile,the influences of radical right-wing in CEE has also increased.For the rise of these two,there have always been two major explanatory aspects:economic factors and cultural factors.The academic circles have already analyzed their practical roles,but considering the reality of political development in CEE since the Cold War,it is obviously more effective to explain in the light of social and cultural factors.This paper attempts to analyze and summarize the main western research perspectives on the rise of populism and radical right-wing in CEE,pointing out their contributions and shortcomings,as well as possible future research directions.