李大钊国家建构中的国民性思考——从“立宪国民”到“阶级自觉”

National Character in Li Dazhao’s State Construction:from “Constitutional People” to “Class Consciousness”

李大钊在关注国民素质与国家政治的关系时,开始思考国家建构中的国民性问题。他对国民性的思考以接受马克思主义为分界线,形成了以特定国家建构目标为基础的"立宪国民"和"阶级自觉"两种改造主张。"立宪国民"的改造力求从精神层面来唤醒国民,但是这种以精神状态为基础的国民性改造仍然无法解决国家建构的问题。"阶级自觉"既强调对国家建构具有决定性意义的劳工阶级的"自觉",以确保国家建构的社会主义指向,又强调要有其内在的张力,从而引导对国家建构实际工作的把握。李大钊从"立宪国民"到"阶级自觉"的根本性转变,是从以国民性改造作为国家建构的出发点到以国家建构目标来对国民进行改造的转变,由此找到了在半殖民地半封建社会中国家建构的方向和动力。

When focusing on the relationship between national quality and national politics,Li Dazhao began to think about the national character in national construction.With his acceptance of Marxism as the dividing line,his thinking on this subject consists of two reforming theories:constitutional people and class consciousness,which are based on a specific national construction goal.The transformation of"constitutional people"seeks to awaken the people from the spiritual level,but the transformation based on the state of mind still cannot solve the problem of state construction."Class consciousness"not only emphasizes the"consciousness"of the working class,who plays a decisive role in the state construction,thus ensuring the socialist orientation of state construction,but also emphasizes the need to have its inherent tension,thus guiding the actual construction of the state.Li Dazhao’s fundamental change from "constitutional people"to"class consciousness"is from the national character transformation as the starting point of state construction to the people transformation aiming at state construction,where the direction and motivation is found about the state construction in a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.