儒家“正己”哲学意蕴及其维度探析

Philosophical Significance of “Self-Virtuousness” in Confucianism

“正己”作为儒家修身之根本,意在强调个人道德修养。从道德上言,“正己”之德有内外之分:在外表现为以“克己复礼”来端正自身的行为;在内表现为以“仁爱”道德要求来实践“成己”。由此而拓展出三个维度:一是治学之维,此维关键在于格物致知与立志两方面的“为学之道”之上;二是守敬之维,即“涵养需要敬”,此维不仅在忠孝方面进行了实践,还拓宽了“敬以直内,义以外方”“敬而无失,即为中也”“敬畏之心,心安体舒”等命题之义;三是价值之维,即“成人成己”。既有“成己”之内在道德修养,又有外在“成人”之美德。从义利观的角度看“成人”的价值取向,“义”的优先性仍可以作为最高理想的成人的价值。除此之外,此维还延申至儒家政治哲学领域,成为其最高意义上的“大人”、“圣人”之政治目标。由此而寻绎出“正己”之深刻、系统的哲学概念对推进中国传统哲学的认知范式是具有理论上的意义。

“Zhengji”,as the root of Confucian self-cultivation,intends to emphasize personal moral cultivation.In terms of morality,the morality of“Zhengji”can be divided into internal and external:external performance is to correct one's own behavior with“self-restraint and self-discipline”;internal performance is to promote“self-improvement”with“benevolence”moral practice.There are three dimensions:one is the dimension of study,the key of which lies in the two aspects of“learning for the sake of learning”;the other is the dimension of respect,that is,“self-cultivation needs respect”.This dimension not only has practice in loyalty and filial piety,but also broadens the propositions of“respect to the inside,righteousness to the outside”,“respect without loss,that is,to the middle”,“awe,peace of mind and comfort”The third is the value dimension,that is,“ChengrenChengji”.It has not only the inner moral cultivation of“becoming oneself”,but also the virtue of“being an adult”.From the point of view of justice and benefit,the value orientation of“adult”and the priority of“righteousness”can still be regarded as the highest ideal adult value.In addition,this dimension also extends to the field of Confucian political philosophy and becomes the highest political goal of“Daren”and“Shengren”.Therefore,it is of theoretical significance to find out the profound and systematic philosophical concept of“self-discipline”for promoting the cognitive paradigm of traditional Chinese philosophy.