再造“土司”:清代贵州“新疆六厅”的土弁与苗疆治理

Remaking the “Headmen”: the Minority Officials in the Six Circuits of the New Frontier in Guizhou and the Governance of the Miao Territories in Qing

土弁作为清代贵州"新疆六厅"基层社会的管理者,其职权和世袭身份的获得并非来自中央王朝的授职、任命,而是地方流官的委任,是地方政府基于苗疆治理实际而进行的制度性创造。随着苗疆经济的发展,苗寨头人成长并部分取代了土弁的管理职权。咸同兵燹后,清廷为强化苗疆治理,拟废革土弁,终因地方督抚的妥协和地方官的回护而搁置,显示出清代贵州苗疆治理体制的特殊性与西南边疆地区内地化进程的曲折。

The minority officials were the administrators of the local society in the"Six Circuits of the New Frontier"in Guizhou in the Qing period.Their hereditary position was not granted by the central government,but appointed by the local Han officials.This system was an institutional innovation of the local government based on the reality of the Miao territories.Along with the economic development of the Miao territories,the power of local elites grew and replaced the minority officials in dealing with some of the local affairs.After the Taiping Uprising,the Qing court planned to abolish minority officials to strengthen the local governance in the Miao territories,but this plan was suspended because of the provincial governors’compromise and the local officials’protection.This outcome illustrates the characteristics of the governance of the Miao territories in the Qing period and the complicated process of integrating the southwestern frontier in the internal bureaucratic system.