全面两孩政策下婴幼儿照护家庭支持体系的构建——基于育儿压力、母职困境与社会支持的调查分析

The Construction of A Childcare Supporting System for Families of Infants and Toddlers under the Pervading Two-Child Policy:An Investigation and Analysis on the Parenting Pressure, Maternal Dilemma and Social Support

加强家庭婴幼儿照护支持是二孩时代实现幼有所育的关键。从家庭育儿压力、母职困境和社会支持出发,调查6个省12个市共计11453个3岁以下婴幼儿家庭。结果发现,家庭育儿压力较高,抚育成本高昂,子女教育成为最大挑战,且二孩家庭育儿压力更大;母亲育儿工作难平衡,超过三分之一的母亲职业中断,且二孩家庭、低收入和低学历母亲面临更大的职业困境。在社会支持方面,家庭内部支持以祖辈为主,父亲参与不足;对教育支持最为迫切,但所获外部支持有限。在历史短板、时代挑战和文化制约的多重影响下,亟待构建婴幼儿照护家庭支持体系,通过加强对家庭婴幼儿照护的支持和指导,形成夫妻同工、祖辈适度参与的动力机制,保障女性就业权,最终实现家庭与社会共同参与的婴幼儿照护良好格局,切实缓解家庭的育儿压力。

Strengthening family support of childcare is the key to promoting the implementation of the new two-child policy.Focusing on family parenting pressure,maternal predicament and social support,this study investigated 11,453 families with children under the age of three through randomly sampling in 12 cities of six provinces in China.The results showed that:(1)family parenting pressure stayed in a high level;raising cost was difficult to afford;children's education became the biggest challenge;and the pressure on families with two children was greater than single-child families.(2)There is a huge contradiction between mother's professional work and family affairs;more than one-third of mothers experienced career interruptions;and low-income and low-educated mothers in two-child families faced severer professional dilemmas.(3)In terms of social support,family internal support was mainly based on ancestors;fathers were under-represented;education support was the most urgent family issue;but the external support seemed still limited.Under the multiple influences of historical shortcomings,challenges of the new era and cultural constraints,it is urgent to construct a childcare supporting system through strengthening the support and guidance of family childcare,building a dynamic mechanism for the equal participation of husband,wife and ancestors,protecting women’employment rights,and finally forming a good participatory pattern of child care between family and society to relieve the pressure of families.