董其昌的书画社交与其“业缘网络”:仕宦、文友、商业网

Dong Qichang’s Socializing by Calligraphy and Painting and His “Career Network”: Officialdom, Literary Friendships and Commercial Network

明代中后期,伴随商品经济发展,文化商品化程度提高,书画渐至成为一种炙手可热的文化产品,书画的社交功能逐渐凸显。董其昌基于仕宦发展,逐步建立广泛的社交网络,并将书画广泛地运用于社交之中,书画成为其维系、处理仕宦、文友、商业圈中人际关系的重要媒介。董其昌兼具文人艺术家、官僚士绅的双重身份,在政治声望与文化声望相互作用下,凭借掌握重要的文化资本而掌控社会话语权,逐步成为社会多方力量所公认的文人领袖之一。

In the middle-late Ming Dynasty,with the development of the commodity economy and the increase of commercial culture,calligraphy and painting gradually became a kind of popular cultural product,and the social functions of calligraphy and painting gradually got prominent.Based on the development of his officialdom,Dong Qichang gradually established an extensive social network,and widely used calligraphy and painting as a tool for social interaction.Calligraphy and painting became an important medium for him to maintain and deal with interpersonal relations in the fields of officialdom,literary friendships,and business circles.Dong Qichang had both the status of literati artist and bureaucratic gentry.With the interaction of political prestige and cultural fame,he controlled social discourse power by taking charge of important cultural capital,and gradually became one of the most recognized literati leaders of various social forces.