五四新文化运动与“反思性的儒学”——以梁漱溟思想中的“他者性”和“作为生活的儒教社会主义”为中心

The May Fourth New Culture Movement and “Reflexive Confucianism”——With a Focus on the Concepts of “Otherness” and “Confucian Socialism” in Liang Shuming’s Thought

本文在五四脉络中分析梁漱溟的《东西文化及其哲学》。笔者将书中出现的梁漱溟的儒学定义为"反思性的儒学"。"反思性的儒学"若要成立,需要两个条件:"他者性"和"作为生活的儒教社会主义"。这两个因素能够把儒学和现实日常连接起来,可以全面审视中国的生活规范。有了反思的力量,儒学才能成为"可持续的儒学"。梁漱溟构想的"反思性的儒学"具有让人们对资本主义以及作为制度的社会主义从根本进行反思的力量。"反思性的儒学"是在梁漱溟以五四新文化运动为契机接纳西方这一他者,进而重新认识儒教的价值的过程中诞生的。利用这一概念,梁漱溟在20世纪初期就明确认识到,中国只能走向与西方"不同的现代"。他在五四运动局势下就中国的新的近代表现出的问题意识,到了21世纪的今天也没有得到解决。他的问题现在仍有效。这也是我们需要在21世纪重新召唤梁漱溟的"反思性的儒学"的原因所在。

This article analyzes Liang Shuming’s Eastern and Western Cultures and Their Philosophies within the context of the May Fourth Movement.I describe the Confucianism that appears in Liang’s writings as“reflexive Confucianism”.To establish“reflexive Confucianism”to be established,two conditions must be met–“Otherness”and“Confucian socialism as living conduct”.These two factors are capable of connecting Confucianism with the realities of daily life,and allowing people to comprehensively examine the norms of Chinese life.With the power of reflection,Confucianism can become“sustainable Confucianism”.Liang Shuming’s conception of“reflexive Confucianism”has the power to allow us to fundamentally rethink capitalism and socialism as a system.“Reflexive Confucianism”was born in the process of Liang Shuming taking the May Fourth New Culture Movement as an opportunity to admit the West as an“Other”,and then rethinking the value of Confucianism.In this process,he also used the word“life”(shenghuo)to make the unprecedented connection between“Confucius”and“socialism”.Using this concept,Liang Shuming clearly recognized in the early twentieth century that China could only pursue an“alternative Modernity”from the West.China’s new problems presented by Modernity that Liang recognized within the situation of the May Fourth Movement still have not been resolved even today,in the twenty-first century;his questions still are valid.Therefore,I hold that Liang Shuming should be interpreted as the initiator of a new era of“modern Confucianism”,and not as“the last Confucian”.This is also the reason why we need to re-summon Liang Shuming’s“reflexive Confucianism”in the twenty-first century.