新中国成立70年农村基本经营制度的历史演进与发展取向——基于农村土地制度和农业经营制度的改革联动视角

The 70-year Historical Evolution and Development Orientation of Rural Basic Management System in New China: Based on the Interaction Between Rural Land Institutional Reform and Agricultural Management System Reform

研究目的:剖析农村土地制度和农业经营制度的关系,为完善农村基本经营制度提供参考。研究方法:比较分析法、文献研究法。研究结果:新中国成立70年来,农村基本经营制度先后历经新中国成立初期的“农民所有、家庭经营”、改革开放前期的“集体所有、集体经营”到改革开放后期的“集体所有、均田承包、家庭经营”,再到现阶段的“集体所有、均田承包和多元经营”4个阶段。在这个过程当中,农村基本经营制度既遵循人口与土地关系、生存与发展关系以及政府与市场关系的大逻辑,又遵循着农村土地制度的“产权逻辑”、农业经营制度的“生产逻辑”等小逻辑。研究结论:为深化农村基本经营制度变革,需加强农村土地制度与农业经营制度联动改革的制度设计,发挥要素、组织和制度的作用,发展多种形式的适度规模经营,实现小农户与现代农业发展的有机衔接。

The purposes of the paper are to analyze the relationship between the rural land institutions and the agricultural management system,and to provide a reference for improving the rural basic management system.The research methods are comparative analysis and literature review.The results show that:since the founding of New China,the rural basic management system has gone through the stages of the“peasant ownership,family management”,the“collective ownership,collective management”,the“collective ownership,equalization of land,and family management”and the“collective ownership,equal contracting and diverse management”.During this process,the rural basic management system follows the general logics of the relationships between population and land,survival and development,and the government and the market,while it also follows the“property logic”of rural land institution and the“production logic”of agricultural management system.In conclusion,in order to deepen the reform of rural basic management system,it is necessary to strengthen the interactive design of the rural land institution and the agricultural management system reform,make use of elements,organizations and institution,develop various forms of moderate scale management,and realize the organic integration of small peasants and modern agricultural development.